Header:
TITLE 8. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
DIVISION 1. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
CHAPTER 4. DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
SUBCHAPTER 7. GENERAL INDUSTRY SAFETY ORDERS
GROUP 16. CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
ARTICLE 109. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND
Date:
11/22/2013
Document:
§ 5192. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
(a) Scope, Application and Definitions.
(1) Scope: This section covers the following operations, unless the employer can demonstrate that the operation does not involve employee exposure or the reasonable possibility for employee exposure to safety or health hazards:
(A) Clean-up operations or hazardous substance removal work required by a governmental body, whether Federal, state, local or other involving hazardous substances that are conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (in-cluding, but not limited to, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Priority Site List (NPL), state priority site lists, sites recommended for the EPA, NPL, and initial investigations of government identified sites which are con-ducted before the presence or absence of hazardous substances has been ascertained);
(B) Corrective actions involving hazardous waste clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource Conserva-tion and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901. et seq.) and Chapters 6.5 and 6.8 of Division 20 of the California Health and Safety Code;
(C) Voluntary clean-up operations at sites recognized by Federal, state, local or other governmental bodies as un-controlled hazardous waste sites;
(D) Operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities regulated by 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; or facilities regulated by Chapter 6.5 of Division 20 of the California Health and Safety Code; or by agencies under agreement with U.S.E.P.A. to implement RCRA regulations; and
(E) Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard.
(2) Application.
(A) All requirements of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations apply pursuant to their terms to hazardous waste operations (whether covered by this section or not). If there is a conflict or overlap, the provision more protec-tive of employee safety and health shall apply without regard to 8 CCR 3202(a).
B. Employers who are not required to have a permit or interim status because they are conditionally exempt small quantity generators under 40 CFR 261.5 or are generators who qualify under 40 CFR 262.34 for exemptions from reg-ulation under 40 CFR parts 264, 265 and 270 ("excepted employers") are not covered by subsections (p)(1) through (p)(7) of this section. Excepted employers who are required by the EPA or state agency such as the Department of Health Services (DHS) to have their employees engage in emergency response or who direct their employees to en-gage in emergency response are covered by subsection (p)(8) of this section, and cannot be exempted by (p)(8)(A) of this section. Excepted employers who are not required to have employees engage in emergency response, who direct their employees to evacuate in the case of such emergencies and who meet the requirements of subsection (p)(8)(A) of this section are exempt from the balance of subsection (p)(8) of this section.
C. If an area is used for hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal, any emergency response operations in that area shall comply with subsection (p)(8) of this section. In other areas not used for treatment storage, or disposal of hazardous waste, any emergency response operation shall comply with subsection (q) of this section. Compliance with the requirements of subsection (q) of this section shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of subsection (p)(8) of this section.
(D) Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of, hazardous substances which are not covered by subsections( a)(1)(A) through (a)(1)(D) of this section must only comply with the require-ments of subsection (q) of this section.
(3) Definitions.
Buddy system: A system of organizing employees into work groups in such a manner that each employee of the work group is designated to be observed by at least one other employee in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide quick assistance to employees in the event of an emergency.
Certified employee: An employee that has completed all of the requirements for training certification delineated in subsection (e)(6) of this section.
Certified supervisor: A supervisor that has completed all of the requirements for training certification delineated in subsection (e)(6) of this section.
Clean-up operation: An operation where hazardous substances are removed, contained, incinerated, neutralized, stabilized, cleared-up, or in any other manner processed or handled with the ultimate goal of making the site safer for people or the environment.
Decontamination: The removal of hazardous substances from employees and their equipment to the extent nec-essary to preclude the occurrence of foreseeable adverse health effects.
Emergency response, or responding to emergencies: A response effort by employees from outside the immediate release area or by other designated responders (i.e., mutual aid groups, local fire departments, etc.) to an occurrence which results, or is likely to result, in an uncontrolled release, which may cause high levels of exposure to toxic sub-stances, or which poses danger to employees requiring immediate attention. Responses to incidental releases of hazardous substances where the substance can be absorbed, neutralized, or otherwise controlled at the time of re-lease by employees in the immediate release area, or by maintenance personnel are not considered to be emergency responses within the scope of this standard. Responses to releases of hazardous substances where there is no imme-diate safety or health hazard (i.e., fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency respons-es.
NOTE: The "immediate release area" can be the entire geographic boundary of the employee's assigned work area.
Facility: A. Any building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline (including any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft, or B. any site or area where a hazardous substance has been deposited, stored, disposed of, placed, or otherwise come to be located; but does not include any consumer product in consumer use or any water-borne vessel.
Hazardous materials response (HAZMAT) team: An organized group of employees, designated by the employer, which is expected to perform work to handle and control actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring possible close approach to the substance. The team members perform responses to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances for the purpose of control or stabilization of the incident. A HAZMAT team is not a fire brigade nor is a typical fire brigade a HAZMAT team. A HAZMAT team, however, may be a separate component of a fire brigade or fire department.
Hazardous substance: Any substance designated or listed under A. through D. below, exposure to which results or may result in adverse effects on the health or safety of employees:
A. Any substance defined under Section 103(14) of CERCLA or under Sections 25316 and 25317 of the California Health and Safety Code;
B. Any biological agent and other disease-causing agent which after release into the environment and upon ex-posure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any person, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations in such persons or their offspring;
C. Any substance listed by the U.S. Department of Transportation and regulated as hazardous materials under 49 CFR 172.101 and appendices; and
D. Hazardous waste as herein defined.
Hazardous substance removal work: Clean-up work at any of the following:
A. A site where removal or remedial action is taken pursuant to any of the following:
1. Chapter 6.8 (commencing with Section 25300) of Division 20 of the Health and Safety Code, regardless of whether the site is listed pursuant to Section 25356 of the Health and Safety Code.
2. The federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 9601 et seq.).
3. Any operations covered under subsections(a)(1)(A) through (a)(1)(C) of this section.
B. A site where corrective action is taken pursuant to Section 25187 or 25200.10 of the Health and Safety Code or the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 6901 et seq.)
C. A site where clean-up of a discharge of a hazardous substance is required pursuant to Division 7 (commencing with Section 13000) of the Water Code.
D. A site where removal or remedial action is taken because a hazardous substance has been discharged or re-leased in an amount that is reportable pursuant to Section 13271 of the Water Code or the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 6901 et seq.). Hazardous substance removal work does not include work related to a hazardous substance spill on a highway.
Hazardous waste: A waste or combination of wastes as defined in 40 CFR 261.3, or regulated as hazardous waste in California pursuant to Chapter 6.5, Division 20, California Health and Safety Code, or B. those substances defined as hazardous wastes in 49 CFR 171.8.
Hazardous waste operation: Any operation conducted within the scope of this regulation including hazardous substance removal work as defined in Labor Code Section 142.7(b).
Hazardous waste site, or site: Any facility or location at which hazardous waste operations within the scope of this regulation take place.
Health hazard: A chemical, mixture of chemicals or a pathogen for which there is statistically significant evidence, based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. It also includes stress due to temperature extremes. The term health hazard includes chemicals that are classified in accordance with the Hazard Communication Standard, Section 5194, as posing one of the following hazardous effects: Acute toxicity (any route of exposure); skin corrosion or irritation; serious eye damage or eye irritation; respiratory or skin sensitization; germ cell mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive toxici-ty; specific target organ toxicity (single or repeated exposure); aspiration toxicity or simple asphyxiant. (See Appendix A to Section 5194
Health Hazard Criteria (Mandatory) for the criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified as a health hazard.)
IDLH or Immediately dangerous to life or health: An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyx-iant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
Incidental release: An incidental release is one that does not cause a health or safety hazard to employees and does not need to be cleaned up immediately to prevent death or serious injury to employees.
Oxygen deficiency: That concentration of oxygen by volume below which air supplying respiratory protection must be provided. It exists in atmospheres where the percentage of oxygen by volume is less than 1.5 percent oxygen.
Permissible exposure limit (PEL): The exposure, inhalation or dermal permissible exposure limit specified in 8 CCR, Chapter 4, Subchapter 7, Groups 14 and 15; and Group 16, Articles 107, 109, and 110.
Post-emergency response: That portion of an emergency response performed after the immediate threat of a re-lease has been stabilized or eliminated and clean-up of the site has begun. If post emergency response is performed by an employer's own employees who were part of the initial emergency response, it is considered to be part of the initial response and not post-emergency response. However, if a group of an employer's own employees, separate from the group providing initial response, performs the clean-up operation, then the separate group of employees would be considered to be performing post-emergency response and subject to subsection (q)(11) of this section.
Pre-job health and safety conference: A health and safety conference or briefing held prior to entering a site for the purpose of initiating hazardous substance removal work.
Published exposure level: The exposure limits published in "NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1988" incorporated by reference, or if no limit is specified, the exposure limits published in the standards specified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in their publication "Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1989-90" dated 1989 incorporated by reference.
Qualified person: A person with specific training, knowledge and experience in the area for which the person has the responsibility and the authority to control.
Site safety and health supervisor (or official): The individual located on a hazardous waste site who is responsible to the employer and has the authority and knowledge necessary to implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance with applicable safety and health requirements.
Small quantity generator: A generator of hazardous wastes who in any calendar month generates no more than 1,000 kilograms (2,205 pounds) of hazardous waste in that month.
Uncontrolled hazardous waste site: An area where an accumulation of hazardous waste creates a threat to the health and safety of individuals or the environment or both. Some sites are found on public lands, such as those cre-ated by former municipal, county, or state landfills where illegal or poorly managed waste disposal has taken place. Other sites are found on private property, often belonging to generators or former generators of hazardous waste. Examples of such sites include, but are not limited to, surface impoundments, landfills, dumps, and tank or drum farms.
Normal operations at TSD sites are not covered by this definition.
Uncontrolled release: An uncontrolled release is the accidental release of a hazardous substance from its con-tainer. If not contained, stopped, and removed, the release would pose a hazard to the employees in the immediate area or in areas in the path of the release, or from its byproducts or its effects (such as toxic vapors, fire, over-pressurization, toxic gases, or toxic particulates.
(b) Safety and health program.
NOTE TO (b): Safety and health programs developed and implemented to meet other Federal, state, or local reg-ulations are considered acceptable in meeting this requirement if they cover or are modified to cover the topics re-quired in this subsection. An additional or separate safety and health program is not required by this subsection.
(1) General.
(A) Employers shall develop and implement a written safety and health program for their employees involved in hazardous waste operations. The program shall be designed to identify, evaluate, and control safety and health hazards, and provide for emergency response for hazardous waste operations.
(B) The written safety and health program shall incorporate the following:
1. An organization structure;
2. A comprehensive workplan;
3. A site-specific safety and health plan which need not repeat the employer's standard operating procedures re-quired in subsection (b)(1)(B)6. of this section;
4. The safety and health training program;
5. The medical surveillance program;
6. The employer's standard operating procedures for safety and health; and
7. Any necessary interface between general program and site specific activities.
(C) Site excavation. Site excavations created during initial site preparation or during hazardous waste operations shall be shored or sloped as appropriate to prevent accidental collapse in accordance with 8 CCR, Chapter 4, Subchap-ter 4, Article 6.
(D) Contractors and sub-contractors. An employer who retains contractor or sub-contractor services for work in hazardous waste operations shall inform those contractors, sub-contractors, or their representatives of the site emergency response procedures and any potential fire, explosion, health, safety or other hazards of the hazardous waste operation that have been identified by the employer, including those identified in the employer's information program. Each contractor/sub-contractor is responsible for compliance with all safety and health protection require-ments for its employees. An employer's safety and health plan can be used by contractors/sub-contractors at the site if it appropriately addresses their activity and potential safety and health hazards.
(E) Program availability. The written safety and health program shall be made available to any contractor or sub-contractor or their representative who will be involved with the hazardous waste operation; to employees; to em-ployee designated representatives; to Division representatives, and to personnel of other Federal, state, or local agen-cies with regulatory authority over the site.
(2) Organizational structure part of the site program.
(A) The organizational structure part of the program shall establish the specific chain of command and specify the overall responsibilities of supervisors and employees. It shall include, at a minimum, the following elements:
1. A general supervisor (or Certified supervisor for hazardous substance removal work) who has the responsibility and authority to direct all hazardous waste operations.
2. A Site Safety and Health Supervisor who has the responsibility and authority to develop and implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance.
3. A Qualified Person for operations defined as hazardous substance removal work, who shall be responsible for scheduling any air sampling, laboratory calibration of sampling equipment, evaluation of soil or other contaminated materials sampling results, and for conducting any equipment testing and evaluating the results of the tests.
4. All other personnel needed for hazardous waste site operations and emergency response and their general functions and responsibilities.
5. The lines of authority, responsibility, and communication.
(B) The organizational structure shall be reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect the current status of waste site operations.
(3) Comprehensive workplan part of the site program: The comprehensive workplan part of the program shall ad-dress the tasks and objectives of the site operations and the logistics and resources required to reach those tasks and objectives.
(A) The comprehensive workplan shall address anticipated clean-up activities, as well as normal operating proce-dures, which need not repeat the employer's procedures available elsewhere.
(B) The comprehensive workplan shall define work tasks and objectives and identify the methods for accomplishing those tasks and objectives.
(C) The comprehensive workplan shall establish personnel requirements for implementing the plan.
(D) The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the training required in subsection (e) of this section.
(E) The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the required informational programs required in subsection (i) of this section.
(F) The comprehensive workplan shall provide for the implementation of the medical surveillance program de-scribed in subsection (f) of this section.
(4) Site-specific safety and health plan part of the program.
(A) General: The site safety and health plan, which must be kept on site, shall address the safety and health hazards of each phase of site operation and include the requirements and procedures for employee protection.
NOTE TO (A): In general, a site plan organized as a single document, with component sections/appendices covering all tasks, operations, and contractors/sub-contractors, may be used to promote use efficiency, and enhance com-pleteness, clarity, and coordination.
(B) Elements: The site safety and health plan, as a minimum, shall address the following:
1. A safety and health risk or hazard analysis for each site task and operation found in the workplan.
2. Employee training assignments to assure compliance with subsection (e) of this section.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE) to be used by employees for each of the site tasks and operations being conducted as required by the personal protective equipment program in subsection (g)(5) of this section.
4. Medical surveillance requirements in accordance with the program in subsection (f) of this section.
5. Frequency and types of air monitoring, personnel monitoring, and environmental sampling techniques and in-strumentation to be used, including methods of maintenance and calibration of monitoring and sampling equipment to be used.
6. Site control measures in accordance with the site control program required in subsection (d) of this section.
7. Decontamination procedures in accordance with subsection (k) of this section.
8. An emergency response plan meeting the requirements of subsection (l) of this section for safe and effective responses to emergencies, including the necessary PPE and other equipment.
9. Confined space entry procedures.
10. A spill containment program meeting the requirements of subsection (j) of this section.
(C) Pre-entry briefing: The site-specific safety and health plan shall provide for pre-entry briefings to be held prior to initiating any site activity, and at such other times as necessary to ensure that employees are apprised of the site safety and health plan and that this plan is being followed. The information and data obtained from site characterization and analysis work required in subsection (c) of this section shall be used to prepare and update the site safety and health plan.
(D) For operations defined as Hazardous substance removal work, a Pre-job health and safety conference shall be held before the start of actual work. The conference shall include representatives of the owner or contracting agency, the contractor, the employer, employees, and employee representatives; and shall include a discussion of the em-ployer's safety and health program and the means, methods, devices, processes, practices, conditions, or operations which the employer intends to use in providing a safe and healthy place of employment.
(E) Effectiveness of site safety and health plan: Inspections shall be conducted by the site safety and health super-visor or, in the absence of that individual, another individual who is knowledgeable in occupational safety and health, acting on behalf of the employer as necessary to determine the effectiveness of the site safety and health plan. Any deficiencies in the effectiveness of the site safety and health plan shall be corrected by the employer.
(c) Site Characterization and Analysis.
(1) General: Hazardous waste sites shall be evaluated in accordance with this subsection to identify specific site hazards and to determine the appropriate safety and health control procedures needed to protect employees from the identified hazards.
(2) Preliminary evaluation: A preliminary evaluation of a site's characteristics shall be performed prior to site entry by a qualified person to aid in the selection of appropriate employee protection methods prior to site entry. Immedi-ately after initial site entry, a more detailed evaluation of the site's specific characteristics shall be performed by a qualified person to further identify existing site hazards and to further aid in the selection of the appropriate engi-neering controls and personal protective equipment for the tasks to be performed.
(3) Hazard identification: All suspected conditions that may pose inhalation or skin absorption hazards that are immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) or other conditions that may cause death or serious harm shall be iden-tified during the preliminary survey and evaluated during the detailed survey. Examples of such hazards include, but are not limited to, confined space entry, potentially explosive or flammable situations, visible vapor clouds, or areas where biological indicators such as dead animals or vegetation are located.
(4) Required information: The following information to the extent available shall be obtained by the employer prior to allowing employees to enter a site:
(A) Location and approximate size of the site.
(B) Description of the response activity and/or the job task to be performed.
(C) Duration of the planned employee activity.
(D) Site topography and accessibility by air and roads.
(E) Safety and health hazards expected at the site.
(F) Pathways for hazardous substance dispersion.
(G) Present status and capabilities of emergency response teams that would provide assistance to hazardous waste clean-up site employees at the time of an emergency.
(H) Hazardous substances and health hazards involved or expected at the site, and their chemical and physical properties.
(5) Personal protective equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be provided and used during initial site entry in accordance with the following requirements:
(A) Based upon the results of the preliminary site evaluation, an ensemble of PPE shall be selected and used during initial site entry which will provide protection to a level of exposure below PELs and published exposure levels for known or suspected hazardous substances and health hazards and will provide protection against other known and suspected hazards identified during the preliminary site evaluation. If there is no PEL or published exposure level, the employer may use other published studies and information as a guide to appropriate personal protective equipment.
(B) If positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus is not used as part of the entry ensemble, and if respir-atory protection is warranted by the potential hazards identified during the preliminary site evaluation, an escape self-contained breathing apparatus of at least five minute's duration shall be carried by employees during initial site entry.
(C) If the preliminary site evaluation does not produce sufficient information to identify the hazards or suspected hazards of the site, an ensemble providing protection equivalent to Level B PPE shall be provided as minimum protec-tion and direct reading instruments shall be used as appropriate for identifying IDLH conditions. (See Appendix B for guidelines on Level B protective equipment, and a description of Level B hazards.)
(D) Once the hazards of the site have been identified, the appropriate PPE shall be selected and used in accord-ance with subsection (g).
(6) Monitoring: The following monitoring shall be conducted during initial site entry when the site evaluation produces information that shows the potential for ionizing radiation or IDLH conditions, or when the site information, is not sufficient to rule out these possible conditions:
(A) Monitoring with direct reading instruments for hazardous levels of ionizing radiation.
(B) Monitoring the air with appropriate direct reading test equipment (i.e., combustible gas meters, detector tubes) for IDLH and other conditions that may cause death or serious harm (combustible or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, toxic substances.)
(C) Visually observing for signs of actual or potential IDLH or other dangerous conditions.
(D) An on-going air monitoring program in accordance with subsection (h) shall be implemented after site charac-terization has determined the site is safe for the start-up of operations.
(7) Risk identification: Once the presence and concentrations of specific hazardous substances and health hazards have been established, the risks associated with these substances shall be identified. Employees who will be working on the site shall be informed of any risks that have been identified. In situations covered by the Hazard Communication standard, 8 CCR 5194, training required by that standard need not be duplicated.
NOTE TO (c)(7): Risks to consider include, but are not limited to:
A. Exposures exceeding the PELs, and published exposure levels.
B. IDLH concentrations.
C. Potential skin absorption and irritation sources.
D. Potential eye irritation sources.
E. Explosion sensitivity and flammability ranges.
F. Oxygen deficiency.
(8) Employee notification: Any information concerning the chemical, physical, and toxicologic properties of each substance known or expected to be present on site that is available to the employer and relevant to the duties an em-ployee is expected to perform shall be made available to the affected employees prior to the commencement of their work activities. The employer may utilize information developed for the hazard communication standard, 8 CCR 5194, for this purpose.
(d) Site Control.
(1) General: Appropriate site control procedures shall be implemented to control employee exposure to hazard-ous substances before clean-up work begins.
(2) Site control program: A site control program for protecting employees which is part of the employer's site safety and health program required in subsection (b) of this section shall be developed during the planning stages of a hazardous waste clean-up operation and modified as necessary as new information becomes available.
(3) Elements of the site control program: The site control program shall, as a minimum, include: A site map; site work zones; the use of a "buddy system;" site communications including alerting means for emergencies; the standard operating procedures or safe work practices; and, identification of nearest medical assistance. Where these require-ments are covered elsewhere they need not be repeated.
(e) Training.
(1) General.
(A) All employees working on site (such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers, and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards, and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this subsection before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specified in this subsection.
(B) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility.
(2) Elements to be covered: The training shall thoroughly cover the following:
(A) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health;
(B) Safety, health and other hazards present on the site;
(C) Use of PPE;
(D) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards;
(E) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site;
(F) Medical surveillance requirements including recognition of symptoms and signs which might indicate overex-posure to hazards; and
(G) Subsections 7. through 10. of the site safety and health plan set forth in subsection (b)(4)(B) of this section.
(3) Initial training.
(A) General site workers (such as equipment operators, general laborers, and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(B) Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task (such as, but not limited to, ground water moni-toring, land surveying, or geo-physical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed over PELs and published expo-sure levels shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(C) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized indicating that exposures are under PELs and published exposure levels where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indicates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.
(D) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by subsections (e)(3)(B) and (e)(3)(C) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specified in subsection (e)(3)(A).
(4) Management and supervisor training: On-site management and supervisors directly responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised field experience (the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibil-ity is employees covered by subsections (e)(3)(B) and (e)(3)(C)) and at least eight additional hours of specialized haz-ardous waste operations management training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not limited to, the employer's safety and health program and the associated employee training program, PPE program, spill containment program, and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques.
(5) Qualifications for trainers: Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the sub-jects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter.
(6) Training certification: Employees and supervisors that have received and successfully completed the training and field experience specified in subsections (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written certifi-cate shall be given to each person so certified. Any person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of subsection (e)(9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations.
(7) Emergency response: Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency situations at haz-ardous waste clean-up sites that may expose them to hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies.
(8) Refresher training: Employees specified in subsection (e)(1) of this section, and managers and supervisors specified in subsection (e)(4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items speci-fied in subsection (e)(2) and/or (e)(4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of related work, and other relevant topics.
(9) Equivalent training: Employers who can show by documentation or certification that an employee's work ex-perience and/or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training required in subsections (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those subsections to such em-ployees. However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already received from actual hazardous waste site work experience.
(f) Medical Surveillance.
(1) General: Employers engaged in operations specified in subsections (a)(1)(A) through (a)(1)(D) of this section and not covered by (a)(2)(C) exceptions, and employers of employees specified in subsection (q)(9) shall institute a medical surveillance program in accordance with this subsection.
(2) Employees covered: The medical surveillance program shall be instituted by the employer for the following employees:
(A) Any employee who is or may be exposed to hazardous substances or health hazards at or above the PELs or, if there is no PEL, above the published exposure levels for these substances, without regard to the use of respirators, for 30 days or more a year.
(B) Any employee who wears a respirator during any part of a day for a period of 30 days or more in a year, or as required by 8 CCR 5144.
(C) Any employee who is injured, becomes ill or develops signs or symptoms due to possible overexposure involv-ing hazardous substances or health hazards from an emergency response or hazardous waste operation; and
(D) Members of HAZMAT teams.
(3) Frequency of medical examinations and consultations: Medical examinations and consultations shall also be made available by the employer to each employee covered under subsection (f)(2) on the following schedules:
(A) For employees covered under subsections (f)(2)(A), (f)(2)(B), and (f)(2)(D):
1. Prior to assignment.
2. At least once every twelve months for each employee covered, unless the attending physician believes a longer interval (not greater than biennially) is appropriate.
3. At termination of employment or reassignment to an area where the employee would not be covered if the employee has not had an examination within the last six months.
4. As soon as possible, upon notification by an employee either that the employee has developed signs or symp-toms indicating possible overexposure to hazardous substances or health hazards or that the employee has been in-jured or exposed above the PELs or published exposure levels in an emergency situation.
5. At more frequent times, if the examining physician determines that an increased frequency of examination is medically necessary.
(B) For employees covered under subsection(f)(2)(C) and for all employees including those of employers covered by subsection (a)(1)(E) who may have been injured, received a health impairment, developed signs or symptoms which may have resulted from exposure to hazardous substances resulting from an emergency incident, or exposed during an emergency incident to hazardous substances at concentrations above the PELs or the published exposure levels without the necessary personal protective equipment being used:
1. As soon as possible following the emergency incident or development of signs or symptoms;
2. At additional times, if the examining physician determines that follow-up examinations or consultations are medically necessary.
(4) Content of medical examinations and consultations.
(A) Medical examinations required by subsection (f)(2) of this section shall include a medical and work history (or updated history if one is in the employee's file) with special emphasis on symptoms related to the handling of haz-ardous substances and health hazards, and to fitness for duty including the ability to wear any required PPE under conditions (e.g., temperature extremes) that may be expected at the work site.
(B) The content of medical examinations or consultations made available to employees pursuant to subsection (f) shall be determined by the examining physician. The guidelines in the Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities (see Appendix D, Reference #10) should be consulted.
(5) Examination by a physician and costs: All medical examinations and procedures shall be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, preferably one knowledgeable in occupational medicine, and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place.
(6) Information provided to the physician: The employer shall provide one copy of this standard and its appendices to the attending physician, and in addition, the following for each employee:
(A) A description of each employee's duties as they relate to the employee's exposures.
(B) Each employee's exposure levels or anticipated exposure levels.
(C) A description of any PPE used or to be used by each employee.
(D) Information from previous medical examinations of each employee which is not readily available to the ex-amining physician.
(E) Information required by 8 CCR 5144 for each employee.
(7) Physician's written opinion.
(A) The employer shall obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a written opinion from the examining phy-sician containing the following:
1. The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment of the employee's health from work in hazardous waste operations or emergency response, or from respirator use.
2. The physician's recommended limitations upon the employee's assigned work.
3. A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the medical examination and any medical conditions which require further examination or treatment.
(B) The written opinion obtained by the employer shall not reveal specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to oc-cupational exposures.
(C) The physician shall provide the results of the medical examination and tests to the employee if requested.
(8) Recordkeeping.
(A) An accurate record of the medical surveillance required by subsection (f) shall be retained. This record shall be retained for the period specified and meet the criteria of 8 CCR 3204.
(B) The record required in subsection (f)(8)(A) shall include at least the following information:
1. The name and social security number of the employee.
2. Physician's written opinions, recommended limitations, and results of examinations and tests.
3. Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to hazardous substances.
4. A copy of the information provided to the examining physician by the employer, with the exception of the standard and its appendices.
(g) Engineering Controls, Work Practices, and Personal Protective Equipment for Employee Protection: Engineering controls, work practices, PPE, or a combination of these shall be implemented in accordance with this subsection to protect employees from exposure to hazardous substances and safety and health hazards.
(1) Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Groups 14, 15, and 16.
(A) Engineering controls and work practices shall be instituted to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the PELs of substances regulated by 8 CCR 5155, except to the extent that such controls and practices are not feasible.
NOTE TO (g)(1)(A): Engineering controls which may be feasible include the use of pressurized cabs or control booths on equipment, and/or the use of remotely operated material handling equipment. Work practices which may be feasible are removing all non-essential employees from potential exposure during opening of drums, wetting down dusty operations and locating employees upwind of possible hazards.
(B) Whenever engineering controls and work practices are not feasible or not required, any reasonable combina-tion of engineering controls, work practices, and PPE shall be used to protect employees to reduce exposure to or be-low established PELs or exposure limits for substances regulated by 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Group 16.
(C) The employer shall not implement a schedule of employee rotation as a means of compliance with PELs or exposure limits except when there is no other feasible way of complying with the applicable ionizing radiation expo-sure standards.
(D) The provisions of 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Groups 14 and 15 shall be followed.
(2) Engineering controls, work practices, and PPE for substances not regulated in 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Groups 14, 15, and 16: An appropriate combination of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment shall be used to reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the published exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards not regulated by 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Groups 14, 15, and 16. The employer may use the published literature and Safety Data Sheets (SDS's) as a guide in making the employer's determination as to what level of protection the employer believes is appropriate for hazardous substances and health hazards for which there is no PEL or published exposure level.
(3) Personal protective equipment selection.
(A) Personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be selected and used which will protect employees from the hazards and potential hazards they are likely to encounter as identified during the site characterization and analysis.
(B) Personal protective equipment selection shall be based on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the PPE relative to the requirements and limitations of the site, the task-specific conditions and duration, and the haz-ards and potential hazards identified at the site.
(C) Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure airline respirators equipped with an escape air supply shall be used when chemical exposure levels present will create a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.
(D) Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits (protection equivalent to Level A protection as recommended in Appendix B) shall be used in conditions where skin absorption of a hazardous substance may result in a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.
(E) The level of protection provided by PPE selection shall be increased when additional information on site condi-tions shows that increased protection is necessary to reduce employee exposures below established PELs and pub-lished exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards. (See Appendix B for guidance on selecting PPE ensembles.)
(F) Personal protective equipment shall be selected and used to meet the requirements of 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Group 2, Articles 10 and 10.1, and 8 CCR 5144 of the General Industry Safety Orders, and additional requirements specified in this section.
NOTE TO (g)(3): The level of employee protection provided may be decreased when additional information or site conditions show that decreased protection will not result in hazardous exposures to employees.
(4) Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits.
(A) Totally-encapsulating suits shall protect employees from the particular hazards which are identified during site characterization and analysis.
(B) Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of maintaining positive air pressure. (See Appendix A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this requirement.)
(C) Totally-encapsulating suits shall be capable of preventing inward test gas leakage of more than 0.5 percent. (See Appendix A for a test method which may be used to evaluate this requirement.)
(5) Personal protective equipment (PPE) program: A written personal protective equipment program, which is part of the employer's safety and health program required in subsection (b) of this section or required in subsection (p)(1) of this section and which is also a part of the site-specific safety and health plan shall be established. The PPE program shall address the elements listed below. When elements, such as donning and doffing procedures, are provided by the manufacturer of a piece of equipment and are attached to the plan, they need not be rewritten into the plan as long as they adequately address the procedure or element.
(A) PPE selection based upon site hazards,
(B) PPE use and limitations of the equipment,
(C) Work mission duration,
(D) PPE maintenance and storage,
(E) PPE decontamination and disposal,
(F) PPE training and proper fitting,
(G) PPE donning and doffing procedures,
(H) PPE inspection procedures prior to, during, and after use,
(I) Evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program, and
(J) Limitations during temperature extremes, heat stress, and other appropriate medical considerations.
(h) Monitoring.
(1) General.
(A) Monitoring shall be performed in accordance with this subsection where there may be a question of employee exposure to hazardous concentrations of hazardous substances in order to assure proper selection of engineering controls, work practices, and PPE so that employees are not exposed to levels which exceed PELs, or published expo-sure levels if there are no PELs, for hazardous substances.
(B) Air monitoring shall be used to identify and quantify airborne levels of hazardous substances, and health and safety hazards in order to determine the appropriate level of employee protection needed on site.
(2) Initial entry: Upon initial entry, representative air monitoring shall be conducted to identify any IDLH conditions, exposure over PELs or published exposure levels, exposure over a radioactive material's dose limits, or other dangerous situations such as the presence of flammable atmospheres or oxygen-deficient environments.
(3) Periodic monitoring: Periodic monitoring shall be conducted when the possibility of an IDLH condition or flammable atmosphere has developed or when there is indication that exposures may have risen over PELs or pub-lished exposure levels since prior monitoring. Situations where it shall be considered whether the possibility that ex-posures have risen are as follows:
(A) When work begins on a different portion of the site.
(B) When contaminants other than those previously identified are being handled.
(C) When a different type of operation is initiated (e.g., drum opening as opposed to exploratory well drilling)
.
(D) When employees are handling leaking drums or containers or working in areas with obvious liquid contamina-tion (e.g., a spill or lagoon).
(4) Monitoring of high-risk employees: After the actual clean-up phase of any hazardous waste operation com-mences; for example, when soil, surface water or containers are moved or disturbed; the employer shall monitor those employees likely to have the highest exposures to hazardous substances and health hazards likely to be present above PELs or published exposure levels by using personal sampling frequently enough to characterize employee exposures.
If the employees likely to have the highest exposure are over PELs or published exposure levels, then monitoring shall continue in order to identify all employees likely to be above those limits. The employer may utilize a representa-tive sampling approach by documenting that the employees and chemicals chosen for monitoring are based on the criteria stated above.
NOTE TO (h): It is not required to monitor employees engaged in site characterization operations covered by sub-section (c) of this section.
(i) Informational Programs: Employers shall develop and implement a program, which is part of the employer's safety and health program required in subsection (b) of this section, to inform employees, contractors, and subcon-tractors (or their representatives) actually engaged in hazardous waste operations of the nature, level, and degree of exposure likely as a result of participation in such hazardous waste operations. Employees, contractors, and subcon-tractors working outside of the operations part of a site are not covered by this regulation.
(j) Handling Drums and Containers.
(1) General.
(A) Hazardous substances and contaminated soils, liquids, and other residues shall be handled, transported, la-beled, and disposed of in accordance with this subsection.
(B) Drums and containers used during the clean-up shall meet the appropriate U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), OSHA, and EPA regulations for the wastes that they contain.
(C) When practical, drums and containers shall be inspected and their integrity shall be assured prior to being moved. Drums or containers that cannot be inspected before being moved because of storage conditions (i.e., buried beneath the earth, stacked behind other drums, stacked several tiers high in a pile, etc.) shall be moved to an accessi-ble location and inspected prior to further handling.
(D) Unlabeled drums and containers shall be considered to contain hazardous substances and handled accordingly until the contents are positively identified and labeled.
(E) Site operations shall be organized to minimize the amount of drum or container movement.
(F) Prior to movement of drums or containers, all employees exposed to the transfer operation shall be warned of the potential hazards associated with the contents of the drums or containers.
(G) U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) specified salvage drums or containers and suitable quantities of proper absorbent shall be kept available and used in areas where spills, leaks, or ruptures may occur.
(H) Where major spills may occur, a spill containment program which is part of the employer's safety and health program required in subsection (b) of this section shall be implemented to contain and isolate the entire volume of the hazardous substance being transferred.
(I) Drums and containers that cannot be moved without rupture, leakage, or spillage shall be emptied into a sound container using a device classified for the material being transferred.
(J) A ground-penetrating system or other type of detection system or device shall be used to estimate the location and depth of buried drums or containers.
(K) Soil or covering material shall be removed with caution to prevent drum or container rupture.
(L) Fire extinguishing equipment meeting the requirements of 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch.7, Group 27 of the General In-dustry Safety Orders shall be on hand and ready for use to control incipient fires.
(2) Opening drums and containers: The following procedures shall be followed in areas where drums or containers are being opened:
(A) Where an airline respirator system is used, connections to the bank of air cylinders shall be protected from contamination and the entire system shall be protected from physical damage.
(B) Employees not actually involved in opening drums or containers shall be kept a safe distance from the drums or containers being opened.
(C) If employees must work near or adjacent to drums or containers being opened, a suitable shield that does not interfere with the work operation shall be placed between the employee and the drums or containers being opened to protect the employee in case of accidental explosion.
(D) Controls for drum or container opening equipment, monitoring equipment, and fire suppression equipment shall be located behind the explosion-resistant barrier.
(E) When there is a reasonable possibility of flammable atmosphere being present, material handling equipment and hand tools shall be of the type to prevent sources of ignition.
(F) Drums and containers shall be opened in such a manner that excess interior pressure will be safely relieved. If pressure cannot be relieved from a remote location, appropriate shielding shall be placed between the employee and the drums or containers to reduce the risk of employee injury.
(G) Employees shall be instructed not to stand upon or work from drums or containers.
(3) Material handling equipment: Material handling equipment used to transfer drums and containers shall be se-lected, positioned and operated to minimize sources of ignition related to the equipment from igniting vapors released from ruptured drums or containers.
(4) Radioactive wastes: Drums and containers containing radioactive wastes shall not be handled until such time as their hazard to employees is properly assessed.
(5) Shock sensitive wastes: As a minimum, the following special precautions shall be taken when drums and con-tainers containing or suspected of containing shock-sensitive wastes are handled:
(A) All non-essential employees shall be evacuated from the area of transfer.
(B) Material handling equipment shall be provided with explosive containment devices or protective shields to protect equipment operators from exploding containers.
(C) An employee alarm system capable of being perceived above surrounding light and noise conditions shall be used to signal the commencement and completion of explosive waste handling activities.
(D) Continuous communications (i.e., portable radios, hand signals, telephones, as appropriate) shall be maintained between the employee-in-charge of the immediate handling area and both the site safety and health supervisor and the command post until such time as the handling operation is completed. Communication equipment or methods that could cause shock sensitive materials to explode shall not be used.
(E) Drums and containers under pressure, as evidenced by bulging or swelling, shall not be moved until such time as the cause for excess pressure is determined and appropriate containment procedures have been implemented to protect employees from explosive relief of the drum.
(F) Drums and containers containing packaged laboratory wastes shall be considered to contain shock-sensitive or explosive materials until they have been characterized.
CAUTION: Shipping of shock sensitive wastes may be prohibited under U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations. Employers and shippers should refer to 49 CFR 173.21 and 173.50.
(6) Laboratory waste packs: In addition to the requirements of subsection (j)(5), the following precautions shall be taken, as a minimum, in handling laboratory waste packs (lab packs).
(A) Lab packs shall be opened only when necessary and then only by an individual knowledgeable in the inspec-tion, classification, and segregation of the containers within the pack according to the hazards of the wastes.
(B) If crystalline material is noted on any container, the contents shall be handled as a shock-sensitive waste until the contents are identified.
(7) Sampling of drum and container contents: Sampling of containers and drums shall be done in accordance with a sampling procedure which is part of the site safety and health plan developed for and available to employees and others at the specific worksite.
(8) Shipping and transport.
(A) Drums and containers shall be identified and classified prior to packaging for shipment.
(B) Drum or container staging areas shall be kept to the minimum number necessary to safely identify and classify materials and prepare them for transport.
(C) Staging areas shall be provided with adequate access and egress routes.
(D) Bulking of hazardous wastes shall be permitted only after a thorough characterization of the materials has been completed.
(9) Tank and vault procedures.
(A) Tanks and vaults containing hazardous substances shall be handled in a manner similar to that for drums and containers, taking into consideration the size of the tank or vault.
(B) Appropriate tank or vault entry procedures as described in the employer's safety and health plan and meeting the requirements of 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Article 108 of the General Industry Safety Orders shall be followed when-ever employees must enter a tank or vault.
(k) Decontamination.
(1) General: Procedures for all phases of decontamination shall be developed and implemented in accordance with this subsection.
(2) Decontamination procedures.
(A) A decontamination procedure shall be developed, communicated to employees, and implemented before any employees or equipment may enter areas on site where potential for exposure to hazardous substances exists.
(B) Standard operating procedures shall be developed to minimize employee contact with hazardous substances or with equipment that has contacted hazardous substances.
(C) All employees leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately decontaminated; all contaminated clothing and equipment leaving a contaminated area shall be appropriately disposed of or decontaminated.
(D) Decontamination procedures shall be monitored by the site safety and health supervisor to determine their effectiveness. When such procedures are found to be ineffective, appropriate steps shall be taken to correct any defi-ciencies.
(3) Location: Decontamination shall be performed in geographical areas that will minimize the exposure of un-contaminated employees or equipment to contaminated employees or equipment.
(4) Equipment and solvents: All equipment and solvents used for decontamination shall be decontaminated or disposed of properly.
(5) Personal protective clothing and equipment.
(A) Protective clothing and equipment shall be decontaminated, cleaned, laundered, maintained, or replaced as needed to maintain its effectiveness.
(B) Employees whose non-impermeable clothing becomes wetted with hazardous substances shall immediately remove that clothing and proceed to shower. The clothing shall be disposed of or decontaminated before it is removed from the work zone.
(6) Unauthorized employees: Unauthorized employees shall be instructed not to remove protective clothing or equipment from change rooms.
(7) Commercial laundries or cleaning establishments: Commercial laundries or cleaning establishments that de-contaminate protective clothing or equipment shall be informed of the potentially harmful effects of exposures to hazardous substances.
(8) Showers and change rooms: Where the decontamination procedure indicates a need for regular showers and change rooms outside of a contaminated area, they shall be provided and meet the requirements of 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Article 9 of the General Industry Safety Orders. If temperature conditions prevent the effective use of water, then other effective means for cleansing shall be provided and used.
(l) Emergency Response by Employees at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites.
(1) Emergency response plan.
(A) An emergency response plan shall be developed and implemented by all employers within the scope of sub-sections (a)(1)(A)-(B) of this section to handle anticipated emergencies prior to the commencement of hazardous waste operations. The plan shall be in writing and available for inspection and copying by employees, their representatives, Division personnel, and other governmental agencies with relevant responsibilities.
(B) Employers who will evacuate their employees from the danger area when an emergency occurs, and who do not permit any of their employees to assist in handling the emergency, are exempt from the requirements of this subsection if they provide an emergency action plan complying with 8 CCR 3220 of the General Industry Safety Orders.
(2) Elements of an emergency response plan: The employer shall develop an emergency response plan for emer-gencies which shall address, as a minimum, the following:
(A) Pre-emergency planning.
(B) Personnel roles, lines of authority, and communication.
(C) Emergency recognition and prevention.
(D) Safe distances and places of refuge.
(E) Site security and control.
(F) Evacuation routes and procedures.
(G) Decontamination procedures which are not covered by the site safety and health plan.
(H) Emergency medical treatment and first aid.
(I) Emergency alerting and response procedures.
(J) Critique of response and follow-up.
(K) Personal protective equipment (PPE) and emergency equipment.
(3) Procedures for handling emergency incidents.
(A) In addition to the elements for the emergency response plan required in subsection (l)(2), the following ele-ments shall be included for emergency response plans:
1. Site topography, layout, and prevailing weather conditions.
2. Procedures for reporting incidents to local, state, and federal governmental agencies.
(B) The emergency response plan shall be a separate section of the Site Safety and Health Plan.
(C) The emergency response plan shall be compatible and integrated with the disaster, fire and/or emergency re-sponse plans of local, state, and federal agencies.
(D) The emergency response plan shall be rehearsed regularly as part of the overall training program for site op-erations.
(E) The site emergency response plan shall be reviewed periodically and, as necessary, be amended to keep it current with new or changing site conditions or information.
(F) An employee alarm system shall be installed in accordance with 8 CCR, Ch. 4, Subch. 7, Article 165 of the Gen-eral Industry Safety Orders to notify employees of an emergency situation, to stop work activities if necessary, to lower background noise in order to speed communication, and to begin emergency procedures.
(G) Based upon the information available at time of the emergency, the employer shall evaluate the incident and the site response capabilities and proceed with the appropriate steps to implement the site emergency response plan.
(m) Illumination: Areas accessible to employees shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensi-ties listed in Table H-1 while any work is in progress:
Table H-1
Minimum Illumination Intensities in Foot-Candles
Foot candles Area or operations
5.............. General site areas.
3.............. Excavation and waste areas, accessways,
active storage areas, loading
platforms, refueling, and field
maintenance areas.
5.............. Indoors: Warehouses, corridors, hallways,
and exitways.
5.............. Tunnels, shafts, and general underground
work areas. (EXCEPTION: Minimum of 10
foot-candles is required at tunnel and shaft
heading during drilling, mucking, and
scaling. Mine Safety and Health
Administration approved cap lights shall be
acceptable for use in the tunnel heading.)
10............. General shops (e.g., mechanical and
electrical equipment rooms, active
storerooms, barracks or living quarters,
locker or dressing rooms, dining areas, and
indoor toilets and workrooms.)
30............. First aid stations, infirmaries, and
offices.
(n) Sanitation at Temporary Workplaces.
(1) Potable water.
(A) An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided on the site.
(B) Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed and equipped with a tap, and shall be otherwise designed, constructed, and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained. Water shall not be dipped from containers.
(C) Any container used to store, dispense, or distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose.
(D) Where single service cups (to be used but once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for the unused cups and a receptacle for disposing of the used cups shall be provided.
(2) Nonpotable water.
(A) Outlets for nonpotable water, such as water for industrial or firefighting purposes, shall be identified to indicate clearly that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing, or cooking purposes.
(B) There shall be no cross-connection, open or potential, between a system furnishing potable water and a system furnishing nonpotable water.
(3) Toilet facilities.
(A) A minimum of one separate toilet facility shall be provided for each 20 employees or fraction thereof of each sex. Such facilities may include both toilets and urinals provided that the number of toilets shall not be less than one half of the minimum required number of facilities.
EXCEPTION: Where there are less than 5 employees, separate toilet facilities for each sex are not required pro-vided the toilet facilities can be locked from the inside and contain at least one toilet.
(B) Under temporary field conditions, provisions shall be made to assure that at least one toilet facility is available.
(C) Hazardous waste sites, not provided with a sanitary sewer, shall be provided with the following toilet facilities unless prohibited by local codes:
1. Chemical toilets;
2. Recirculating toilets;
3. Combustion toilets; or
4. Flush toilets.
(D) The requirements of this subsection for sanitation facilities shall not apply to mobile crews having transporta-tion readily available to nearby toilet facilities.
(E) Doors entering toilet facilities shall be provided with entrance locks controlled from inside the facility.
(F) Toilet facilities shall be kept clean, maintained in good working order, and provided with an adequate supply of toilet paper.
(4) Food handling: All food service facilities and operations for employees shall meet the applicable laws, ordi-nances, and regulations of the jurisdictions in which they are located.
(5) Temporary sleeping quarters: When temporary sleeping quarters are provided, they shall be heated, ventilat-ed, and lighted.
(6) Washing facilities: The employer shall provide adequate washing facilities for employees engaged in operations where hazardous substances may be harmful to employees. Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the worksite; in areas where exposures are below PELs and published exposure levels and which are under the control of the employer; and shall be so equipped as to enable employees to remove hazardous substances from themselves.
(7) Showers and change rooms: When hazardous waste clean-up or removal operations commence on a site and the duration of the work will require six months or greater time to complete, the employer shall provide showers and change rooms for all employees exposed to hazardous substances and health hazards involved in hazardous waste clean-up or removal operations.
(A) Showers shall be provided and shall meet the requirements of 8 CCR 3366(f).
(B) Change rooms shall be provided and shall meet the requirements of 8 CCR 3367. Change rooms shall consist of two separate change areas separated by the shower area required in subsection (n)(7)(A) of this section. One change area, with an exit leading off the worksite, shall provide employees with a clean area where they can remove, store, and put on street clothing. The second area, with an exit to the worksite, shall provide employees with an area where they can put on, remove, and store work clothing and personal protective equipment.
(C) Showers and change rooms shall be located in areas where exposures are below the PELs and published ex-posure levels. If this cannot be accomplished, then a ventilation system shall be provided that will supply air that is below the PELs and published exposure levels.
(D) Employers shall assure that employees shower at the end of their work shift and when leaving the hazardous waste site.
(o) New Technology Programs.
(1) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with hazardous waste clean-up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained.
(2) New technologies, equipment, or control measures available to the industry, such as the use of foams, absor-bents, adsorbents, neutralizers, or other means to suppress the level of air contaminants while excavating the site or for spill control, shall be evaluated by employers or their representatives. Such an evaluation shall be done to deter-mine the effectiveness of the new methods, materials, or equipment before implementing their use on a large scale for enhancing employee protection. Information and data from manufacturers or suppliers may be used as part of the employer's evaluation effort. Such evaluations shall be made available to the Division upon request.
(p) Certain Operations Conducted Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA): Employers conducting operations at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities specified in subsection (a)(1)(D) of this section shall provide and implement the programs specified in this subsection. (See the "NOTES AND EXCEPTIONS" to subsection (a)(2)(C) of this section for employers not covered.)
(1) Safety and health program: The employer shall develop and implement a written safety and health program for employees involved in hazardous waste operations that shall be available for inspection by employees, their rep-resentatives, and Division personnel. The program shall be designed to identify, evaluate, and control safety and health hazards in their facilities for the purpose of employee protection; to provide for emergency response meeting the requirements of subsection (p)(8) of this section; and to address as appropriate site analysis, engineering controls, maximum exposure limits, hazardous waste handling procedures, and uses of new technologies.
(2) Hazard communication program: The employer shall implement a hazard communication program meeting the requirements of 8 CCR 5194 as part of the employer's safety and health program.
NOTE TO 8 CCR 5192: The exemption for hazardous waste provided in 8 CCR 5194 is applicable to this section.
(3) Medical surveillance program: The employer shall develop and implement a medical surveillance program meeting the requirements of subsection (f) of this section.
(4) Decontamination program: The employer shall develop and implement a decontamination procedure in ac-cordance with subsection (k) of this section.
(5) New technology program: The employer shall develop and implement procedures meeting the requirements of subsection (o) of this section for introducing new and innovative equipment into the workplace.
(6) Material handling program: Where employees will be handling drums or containers, the employer shall devel-op and implement procedures meeting the requirements of subsections (j)(1)(B) through (H), and (K) of this section, as well as (j)(3) and (j)(8) of this section prior to starting; such work.
(7) Training program.
(A) New employees: The employer shall develop and implement a training program, which is part of the employer's safety and health program, for employees exposed to health hazards or hazardous substances at TSD operations to enable employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this subsection shall be given a written certificate attesting that they have successfully completed the necessary training.
(B) Current employees: Employers who can show by an employee's previous work experience and/or training that the employee has had training equivalent to the initial training required by this subsection, shall be considered as meeting the initial training requirements of this subsection with respect to that employee. Equivalent training includes the training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually.
(C) Trainers: Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills.
(8) Emergency response program.
(A) Emergency response plan: An emergency response plan shall be developed and implemented by all employ-ers. Such plans need not duplicate any of the subjects fully addressed in the employer's contingency planning required by permits, such as those issued by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, provided that the contingency plan is made part of the emergency response plan. The emergency response plan shall be a written portion of the employer's safety and health program required in subsection (p)(1) of this section. Employers who will evacuate their employees from the worksite location when an emergency occurs and who do not permit any of their employees to assist in han-dling the emergency are exempt from the requirements of subsection (p)(8) if they provide an emergency action plan complying with 8 CCR 3220.
(B) Elements of an emergency response plan: The employer shall develop an emergency response plan for emer-gencies which shall address, as a minimum, the following areas to the extent that they are not addressed in any specific program required in this subsection:
1. Pre-emergency planning and coordination with outside parties.
2. Personnel roles, lines of authority, and communication.
3. Emergency recognition and prevention.
4. Safe distances and places of refuge.
5. Site security and control.
6. Evacuation routes and procedures.
7. Decontamination procedures.
8. Emergency medical treatment and first aid.
9. Emergency alerting and response procedures.
10. Critique of response and follow-up.
11. Personal protective equipment (PPE) and emergency equipment.
(C) Training.
1. Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the PPE to be worn and procedures for handling emergency incidents.
EXCEPTION #1: An employer need not train all employees to the degree specified if the employer divides the work force in a manner such that a sufficient number of employees who have responsibility to control emergencies have the training specified, and all other employees, who may first respond to an emergency incident, have sufficient awareness training to recognize that an emergency response situation exists and that they are instructed in that case to summon the fully trained employees and not attempt control activities for which they are not trained.
EXCEPTION #2: An employer need not train all employees to the degree specified if arrangements have been made in advance for an outside fully-trained emergency response team to respond in a reasonable period and all em-ployees, who may come to the incident first, have sufficient awareness training to recognize that an emergency re-sponse situation exists and they have been instructed to call the designated outside fully-trained emergency response team for assistance.
2. Employee members of TSD facility emergency response organizations shall be trained to a level of competence in the recognition of health and safety hazards to protect themselves and other employees. This would include training in the methods used to minimize the risk from safety and health hazards; in the safe use of control equipment; in the selection and use of appropriate personal protective equipment; in the safe operating procedures to be used at the incident scene; in the techniques of coordination with other employees to minimize risks; in the appropriate response to over- exposure from health hazards or injury to themselves and other employees; and in the recognition of subsequent symptoms which may result from over-exposures.
3. The employer shall certify that each covered employee has attended and successfully completed the training required in subsection (p)(8)(C) of this section, or shall certify the employee's competency at least yearly. The method used to demonstrate competency for certification of training shall be recorded and maintained by the employer.
(D) Procedures for handling emergency incidents.
1. In addition to the elements for the emergency response plan required in subsection (p)(8)(B) of this section, the following elements shall be included for emergency response plans to the extent that they do not repeat any infor-mation already contained in the emergency response plan:
a. Site topography, layout, and prevailing weather conditions.
b. Procedures for reporting incidents to local, state, and federal governmental agencies.
2. The emergency response plan shall be compatible and integrated with the disaster, fire and/or emergency re-sponse plans of local, state, and federal agencies.
3. The emergency response plan shall be rehearsed regularly as part of the overall training program for site oper-ations.
4. The site emergency response plan shall be reviewed periodically and, as necessary, be amended to keep it cur-rent with new or changing site conditions or information.
5. An employee alarm system shall be installed in accordance with 8 CCR 6184 to notify employees of an emer-gency situation; to stop work activities if necessary; to lower background noise in order to speed communication; and to begin emergency procedures.
6. Based upon the information available at time of the emergency, the employer shall evaluate the incident and the site response capabilities and proceed with the appropriate steps to implement the site emergency response plan.
(q) Emergency Response to Hazardous Substance Releases: This subsection covers employers whose employees are engaged in emergency response no matter where it occurs except that it does not cover employees engaged in operations specified in subsections (a)(1)(A) through (a)(1)(D) of this section. Those emergency response organizations who have developed and implemented programs equivalent to this subsection for handling releases of hazardous substances pursuant to Section 303 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Emergency Plan-ning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. 11003) shall be deemed to have met the requirements of this subsection.
(1) Emergency response plan: An emergency response plan shall be developed and implemented to handle antic-ipated emergencies prior to the commencement of emergency response operations. The plan shall be in writing and available for inspection and copying by employees, their representatives, and Division personnel. Employers who will evacuate their employees from the danger area when an emergency occurs, and who do not permit any of their em-ployees to assist in handling the emergency, are exempt from the requirements of this subsection if they provide an emergency action plan in accordance with 8 CCR 3220.
(2) Elements of an emergency response plan: The employer shall develop an emergency response plan for emer-gencies which shall address, as a minimum, the following to the extent that they are not addressed elsewhere:
(A) Pre-emergency planning and coordination with outside parties.
(B) Personnel roles, lines of authority, training, and communication.
(C) Emergency recognition and prevention.
(D) Safe distances and places of refuge.
(E) Site security and control.
(F) Evacuation routes and procedures.
(G) Decontamination.
(H) Emergency medical treatment and first aid.
(I) Emergency alerting and response procedures.
(J) Critique of response and follow-up.
(K) Personal protective equipment (PPE) and emergency equipment.
(L) Emergency response organizations may use the local emergency response plan or the state emergency re-sponse plan or both, as part of their emergency response plan, to avoid duplication. Those items of the emergency response plan that are being properly addressed by the SARA Title III plans may be substituted into their emergency plan or otherwise kept together for the employer and employee's use.
(3) Procedures for handling emergency response.
(A) The senior emergency response official who has ultimate site control responsibility shall confirm that the Inci-dent Command System (ICS) is in place and the position of Incident Commander (IC) instituted.
All emergency responders and their communications shall be coordinated and controlled through the ICS.
NOTE TO (q)(3)(A): The "senior official" at an emergency response is the most senior official on the site who has the responsibility for controlling the operations at the site until the emergency response official who is determined to have ultimate incident control authority arrives. Initially it is the senior officer on the first-due piece of responding emergency apparatus to arrive on the incident scene, usually a police or fire vehicle. As more senior officials arrive the position is passed up the line of authority which has been previously established. As there may be several separate spheres of responsibility at a given site (police, fire, CalTrans, for example), there may be several "senior officials," each responsible for his/her own employees. The "senior emergency response official" who will have ultimate site control responsibility is established in the Hazardous Material Incident Contingency Plan for the State of California (January 1991), promulgated by the State Office of Emergency Services (OES) as directed by Health and Safety Code, Sec. 25503 (HS 25503), and California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 2 (19 CCR, Div. 2: Office of Emergency Services) and in coordination with the various city and county, i.e., area emergency response plans.
(B) The individual in charge of the ICS shall identify, to the extent possible, all hazardous substances or conditions present and shall address as appropriate site analysis, use of engineering controls, maximum exposure limits, hazardous substance handling procedures, and use of any new technologies.
(C) Based on the hazardous substances and/or conditions present, the individual in charge of the ICS shall imple-ment appropriate emergency operations, and assure that the PPE worn is appropriate for the hazards to be encoun-tered. However, PPE shall meet, at a minimum, the criteria contained in 8 CCR 3401-3408 when worn while performing fire fighting operations beyond the incipient stage for any incident.
(D) Employees engaged in emergency response and exposed to hazardous substances presenting an inhalation hazard or potential inhalation hazard shall wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) while engaged in emergency response, until such time that the individual in charge of the ICS determines through the use of air monitoring that a decreased level of respiratory protection will not result in hazardous exposures to employees.
(E) The individual in charge of the ICS shall limit the number of emergency response personnel at the emergency site in those areas of potential or actual exposure to incident or site hazards, to those who are actively performing emergency operations. However, operations in hazardous areas shall be performed using the buddy system in groups of two or more.
(F) Back-up personnel shall stand by with equipment ready to provide assistance or rescue, and shall not engage in activities that will detract from that mission. Back-up personnel shall be protected, at a minimum, as the same level as the entry team. Advance first aid support personnel, at a minimum, shall also stand by with medical equipment and transportation capability.
(G) The individual in charge of the ICS shall designate a safety official, who is knowledgeable in the operations being implemented at the emergency response site, with specific responsibility to identify and evaluate hazards and to provide direction with respect to the safety of operations for the emergency at hand.
(H) When activities are judged by the safety official to be an IDLH condition and/or to involve an imminent danger condition, the safety official shall have the authority to alter, suspend, or terminate those activities. The safety official shall immediately inform the individual in charge of the ICS of any actions needed to be taken to correct these hazards at the emergency scene.
(I) After emergency operations have terminated, the individual in charge of the ICS shall implement appropriate decontamination procedures.
(J) When deemed necessary for meeting the tasks at hand, approved SCBA may be used with approved cylinders from other approved SCBA, provided that such cylinders are of the same capacity and pressure rating. All compressed air cylinders used with SCBA shall meet U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and National Institute for Occupa-tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria.
(4) Skilled support personnel: Personnel, not necessarily an employer's own employees, who are skilled in the op-eration of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a timely fashion by an employer's own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in this subsection for the employer's regular employees.
However, these personnel shall be given an initial briefing at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response. The initial briefing shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed. All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employer's own employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these support personnel.
(5) Specialist employees: Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work with and are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and who will be called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in the area of their specialization annually.
(6) Training: Training shall be based on the duties and function to be performed by each responder of an emer-gency response organization. The skill and knowledge levels required for all new responders (those hired after the effective date of this standard) shall be conveyed to them through training before they are permitted to take part in actual emergency operations on an incident. Employees who participate, or are expected to participate, in emergency response, shall be given training in accordance with the following subsections:
(A) First Responder, Awareness Level (FRA): First responders at the awareness level are individuals who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. They would take no further action beyond notifying the authorities of the release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufficient training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas:
1. An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with them in an incident.
2. An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created when hazardous substances are present.
3. The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency.
4. The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible.
5. An understanding of the role of the first responder awareness individual in the employer's emergency response plan (including site security and control), and the U. S. Department of Transportation's Emergency Response Guide-book.
6. The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate notifications to the communi-cation center.
(B) First Responder, Operations Level (FRO): First responders at the operations level are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the fol-lowing areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level; and the employer shall so certify:
1. Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques.
2. Know how to select and use proper PPE provided to the first responder operational level.
3. An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms.
4. Know how to perform basic control, containment, and/or confinement operations and rescue injured or con-taminated persons within the capabilities of the resources and PPE available with their unit.
5. Know how to implement basic equipment, victim, and rescue personnel decontamination procedures.
6. An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures.
(C) Hazardous Materials Technician: Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances for the purpose of stopping the release. They assume a more aggressive role than a first responder at the operations level in that they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch, or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at least 24 hours of training of which 8 hours shall be equivalent to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas; and the employer shall so certify:
1. Know how to implement the employer's emergency response plan.
2. Know the classification, identification, and verification of known and unknown materials by using field survey instruments and equipment.
3. Be able to function within an assigned role in the ICS.
4. Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical PPE provided to the hazardous materials technician.
5. Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques.
6. Be able to perform advanced control, containment, and/or confinement operations and rescue injured or con-taminated persons within the capabilities of the resources and PPE available with the unit.
7. Understand and implement equipment, victim, and rescue personnel decontamination procedures.
8. Understand termination procedures.
9. Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior.
(D) Hazardous Materials Specialist: Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties parallel those of the hazardous materials technician, however, those duties require a more directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with Federal, state, local, and other gov-ernment authorities in regards to site activities. Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas; and the employer shall so certify:
1. Know how to implement the local emergency response plan.
2. Understand classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment.
3. Know of the state emergency response plan.
4. Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical PPE provided to the hazardous materials specialist.
5. Understand in-depth hazard and risk techniques.
6. Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and PPE available.
7. Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures.
8. Have the ability to develop a site safety and health control plan.
9. Understand chemical, radiological, and toxicological terminology and behavior.
(E) Incident Commander/On-scene Manager: Incident commanders, who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder op-erations level and in addition have competency in the following areas; and the employer shall so certify:
1. Know and be able to implement the employer's incident command system.
2. Know how to implement the employer's emergency response plan.
3. Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing.
4. Know how to implement the local emergency response plan.
5. Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response Team.
6. Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures.
NOTE TO (q)(6)(E): Management personnel who, during an emergency situation, stay out of the hazardous area and who are not taking charge of the incident, and are not a "specialist" employee under subsection (q)(5) of this section are not subject to the provisions of this section.
(7) Trainers: Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, such as the courses offered by the California Specialized Training Institute, the California State Fire Marshal's Office, the University of California, or the U. S. National Fire Academy; or they shall have the training and/or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of the courses they are to teach.
(8) Refresher training.
(A) Those employees who are trained in accordance with subsection (q)(6) of this section shall receive annual re-fresher training of sufficient content and duration to maintain their competencies, or shall demonstrate competency in those areas at least yearly.
(B) A statement shall be made of the training or competency; and if a statement of competency is made, the em-ployer shall keep a record of the methodology used to demonstrate competency.
(9) Medical surveillance and consultation.
(A) Members of an organized and designated HAZMAT team, and hazardous materials specialists shall receive a baseline physical examination and be provided with medical surveillance as required in subsection (f) of this section.
(B) Any emergency response employee who exhibits signs or symptoms which may have resulted from exposure to hazardous substances during the course of an emergency incident, either immediately or subsequently, shall be provided with medical consultation as required in subsection (f)(3)(B) of this section.
(10) Chemical protective clothing: Chemical protective clothing and equipment to be used by organized and des-ignated HAZMAT team members, or to be used by hazardous materials specialists shall meet the requirements of subsections (g)(3) through (5) of this section.
(11) Post-emergency response operations: Upon completion of the emergency response, if it is determined that it is necessary to remove hazardous substances, health hazards, and materials contaminated with them (such as con-taminated soil or other elements of the natural environment) from the site of the incident, the employer conducting the clean-up shall comply with one of the following:
(A) Meet all of the requirements of subsections (b) through (o) of this section; or
(B) Where the clean-up is done on plant property using plant or workplace employees, such employees shall have completed the training requirements of the following: 8 CCR 3220, 8 CCR 5144, 8 CCR 5194, and other appropriate safety and health training made necessary by the tasks that they are expected to perform such as the use of PPE, and decontamination procedures. All equipment to be used in the performance of the clean-up work shall be in servicea-ble condition and shall have been inspected prior to use.
Appendices to 5192
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
NOTE: The following appendices serve as non-mandatory guidelines to assist employees and employers in complying with the appropriate requirements of this section. However, subsection 5192(g) makes mandatory in certain circum-stances the use of Level A and Level B PPE protection.
Appendix A
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Test Methods
(Non-Mandatory)
This appendix sets forth the non-mandatory examples of tests which may be used to evaluate compliance with subsections (g)(4)(B) and (C). Other tests and other challenge agents may be used to evaluate compliance.
A. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit pressure test.
1.0 -- Scope.
1.1 This practice measures the ability of a gas tight totally- encapsulating chemical protective suit material, seams, and closures to maintain a fixed positive pressure. The results of this practice allow the gas tight integrity of a total-ly-encapsulating chemical protective suit to be evaluated.
1.2 Resistance of the suit materials to permeation, penetration, and degradation by specific hazardous substances is not determined by this test method.
2.0 -- Definition of terms.
2.1 "Totally-encapsulated chemical protective suit (TECP suit)" means a full body garment which is constructed of protective clothing materials; covers the wearer's torso, head, arms, legs and respirator; may cover the wearer's hands and feet with tightly attached gloves and boots; completely encloses the wearer and respirator by itself or in combina-tion with the wearer's gloves and boots.
2.2 "Protective clothing material" means any material or combination of materials used in an item of clothing for the purpose of isolating parts of the body from direct contact with potentially hazardous liquid or gaseous chemicals.
2.3 "Gas tight" means, for the purpose of this test method, the limited flow of a gas under pressure from the inside of a TECP suit to atmosphere at a prescribed pressure and time interval.
3.0 -- Summary of test method.
3.1 The TECP suit is visually inspected and modified for the test. The test apparatus is attached to the suit to permit inflation to the pre-test suit expansion pressure for removal of suit wrinkles and creases. The pressure is lowered to the test pressure and monitored for three minutes. If the pressure drop is excessive, the TECP suit fails the test and is removed from service. The test is repeated after leak location and repair.
4.0 -- Required Supplies.
4.1 Source of compressed air.
4.2 Test apparatus for suit testing including a pressure measurement device with a sensitivity of at least 1/4 inch water gauge.
4.3 Vent valve closure plugs or sealing tape.
4.4 Soapy water solution and soft brush.
4.5 Stop watch or appropriate timing device.
5.0 -- Safety Precautions.
5.1 Care shall be taken to provide the correct pressure safety devices required for the source of compressed air used.
6.0 -- Test procedure.
6.1 Prior to each test, the tester shall perform a visual inspection of the suit. Check the suit for seam integrity by visually examining the seams and gently pulling on the seams. Ensure that all air supply lines, fittings, visor, zippers, and valves are secure and show no signs of deterioration.
6.1.1 Seal off the vent valves along with any other normal inlet or exhaust points (such as umbilical air line fittings or face piece opening) with tape or other appropriate means (caps, plugs, fixture, etc.). Care should be exercised in the sealing process not to damage any of the suit components.
6.1.2 Close all closure assemblies.
6.1.3 Prepare the suit for inflation by providing an improvised connection point on the suit for connecting an air-line. Attach the pressure test apparatus to the suit to permit suit inflation from a compressed air source equipped with a pressure indicating regulator. The leak tightness of the pressure test apparatus should be tested before and after each test by closing off the end of the tubing attached to the suit and assuring a pressure of three inches water gauge for three minutes can be maintained. If a component is removed for the test, that component shall be replaced and a second test conducted with another component removed to permit a complete test of the ensemble.
6.1.4 The pre-test expansion pressure (A) and the suit test pressure (B) shall be supplied by the suit manufacturer but in no case shall they be less than: (A) = 3 inches water gauge; and (B) = 2 inches water gauge. The ending suit pressure (C) shall be no less than 80 percent of the test pressure (B); i.e., the pressure drop shall not exceed 20 per-cent of the test pressure (B).
6.1.5 Inflate the suit until the pressure inside is equal to pressure (A), the pre-test expansion suit pressure. Allow at least one minute to fill out the wrinkles in the suit. Release sufficient air to reduce the suit pressure to pressure (B), the suit test pressure. Begin timing. At the end of three minutes, record the suit pressure as pressure (C), the ending suit pressure. The difference between the suit test pressure and the ending suit test pressure (B-C) shall be defined as the suit pressure drop.
6.1.6 If the suit pressure drop is more than 20 percent of the suit test pressure (B) during the three-minute test period, the suit fails the test and shall be removed from service.
7.0 -- Retest Procedure.
7.1 If the suit fails the test, check for leaks by inflating the suit to pressure (A) and brushing or wiping the entire suit (including seams, closures, lens gaskets, glove-to-sleeve joints, etc.) with a mild soap and water solution. Observe the suit for the formation of soap bubbles, which is an indication of a leak. Repair all identified leaks.
7.2 Retest the TECP suit as outlined in Test Procedure 6.0.
8.0 -- Report.
8.1 Each TECP suit tested by this practice shall have the following information recorded:
8.1.1 Unique identification number identifying brand name, date of purchase, material of construction, and unique fit features, e.g., special breathing apparatus.
8.1.2 The actual values for test pressures (A), (B), and (C) shall be recorded along with the specific observation times. If the ending pressure (C) is less than 80 percent of the test pressure (B), the suit shall be identified as failing the test. When possible, the specific leak location shall be identified in the test records. Retest pressure data shall be rec-orded as an additional test.
8.1.3 The source of the test apparatus used shall be identified and the sensitivity of the pressure gauge shall be recorded.
8.1.4 Records shall be kept for each pressure test even if repairs are being made at the test location.
CAUTION
Visually inspect all parts of the suit to be sure they are positioned correctly and secured tightly before putting the suit back into service. Special care should be taken to examine each exhaust valve to make sure it is not blocked.
Care should also be exercised to assure that the inside and outside of the suit is completely dry before it is put into storage.
B. Totally-encapsulated chemical protective suit qualitative leak test.
1.0 -- Scope.
1.1 This practice semi-qualitatively tests gas tight totally- encapsulating chemical protective suit integrity by de-tecting inward leakage of ammonia vapor. Since no modifications are made to the suit to carry out this test, the results from this practice provide a realistic test for the integrity of the entire suit.
1.2 Resistance of the suit materials to permeation, penetration, and degradation is not determined by this test method. ASTM test methods are available to test suit materials for these characteristics and the tests are usually con-ducted by the manufacturers of the suits.
2.0 - Definition of terms.
2.1 "Totally-encapsulated chemical protective suit (TECP suit)" means a full body garment which is constructed of protective clothing materials; covers the wearer's torso, head, arms, legs and respirator; may cover the wearer's hands and feet with tightly attached gloves and boots; completely encloses the wearer and respirator by itself or in combina-tion with the wearer's gloves and boots.
2.2 "Protective clothing material" means any material or combination of materials used in an item of clothing for the purpose of isolating parts of the body from direct contact with potentially hazardous liquid or gaseous chemicals.
2.3 "Gas tight" means, for the purpose of this test method, the limited flow of a gas under pressure from the inside of a TECP suit to atmosphere at a prescribed pressure and time interval.
2.4 "Intrusion Coefficient" means a number expressing the level of protection provided by a gas tight total-ly-encapsulating chemical protective suit. The intrusion coefficient is calculated by dividing the test room challenge agent concentration by the concentration of challenge agent found inside the suit. The accuracy of the intrusion coef-ficient is dependent on the challenge agent monitoring methods. The larger the intrusion coefficient the greater the protection provided by the TECP suit.
3.0 -- Summary of recommended practice.
3.1 The volume of concentrated aqueous ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH) required to generate the test atmosphere is determined using the directions outlined in 6.1. The suit is donned by a person wearing the appropriate respiratory equipment (either positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus or a positive-pressure supplied air respirator) and worn inside the enclosed test room. The concentrated aqueous ammonia solution is taken by the suited individual into the test room and poured into an open plastic pan. A two-minute evaporation period is observed before the test room concentration is measured using a high range ammonia length of stain detector tube. When the ammonia vapor reaches a concentration of between 1000 and 1200 ppm, the suited individual starts a standardized exercise protocol to stress and flex the suit. After this protocol is completed, the test room concentration is measured again. The suited individual exits the test room and his stand-by person measures the ammonia concen-tration inside the suit using a low range ammonia length of stain detector tube or other more sensitive ammonia de-tector.
A stand-by person is required to observe the test individual during the test procedure; aid the person in donning and doffing the TECP suit; and monitor the suit interior. The intrusion coefficient of the suit can be calculated by di-viding the average test area concentration by the interior suit concentration. A colorimetric ammonia indicator strip of bromophenol blue or equivalent is placed on the inside of the suit face piece lens so that the suited individual is able to detect a color change and know if the suit has a significant leak. If a color change is observed the individual shall leave the test room immediately.
4.0 -- Required supplies.
4.1 A supply of concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxide (58% ammonia by weight).
4.2 A supply of bromophenol blue indicating paper or equivalent, sensitive to 5-10 ppm ammonia or greater over a two-minute period of exposure. (pH 3.0 (yellow) to pH 4.6 (blue))
4.3 A supply of high range (0.5-10 volume percent) and low range (5-700 ppm) detector tubes for ammonia and the corresponding sampling pump. More sensitive ammonia detectors can be substituted for the low range detector tubes to improve the sensitivity of this practice.
4.4 A shallow plastic pan (PVC) at least 12":14":1" and a half pint plastic container (PVC) with tightly closing lid.
4.5 A graduated cylinder or other volumetric measuring device of at least 50 milliliters in volume with an accuracy of at least +1 milliliters.
5.0 -- Safety precautions.
5.1 Concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, is a corrosive volatile liquid requiring eye, skin, and respiratory protection. The person conducting the test shall review the SDS for aqueous ammonia.
5.2 Since the established short term exposure limit (STEL) for ammonia is 35 ppm as a 15 minute STEL, only persons wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus or a positive pressure supplied air respirator shall be in the chamber. Normally only the person wearing the totally-encapsulating suit will be inside the chamber. A stand-by person shall; have a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator available to enter the test area should the suited individual need assistance.
5.3 A method to monitor the suited individual must be used during this test. Visual contact is the simplest but other methods using communication devices are acceptable.
5.4 The test room shall be large enough to allow the exercise protocol to be carried out and then to be ventilated to allow each exhaust of the ammonia test atmosphere after the test(s) are completed.
5.5 Individuals shall be medically screened for the use of respiratory protection and checked for allergies to am-monia before participating in this test procedure.
6.0 --Test procedure.
6.1.1 Measure the test area to the nearest foot and calculate its volume in cubic feet. Multiply the test area volume by 0.2 milliliters of concentrated aqueous ammonia solution per cubic foot of test area volume to determine the approximate volume of concentrated aqueous ammonia required to generate 1000 ppm in the test area.
6.1.2 Measure this volume from the supply of concentrated aqueous ammonia and place it into a closed plastic container.
6.1.3 Place the container, several high range ammonia detector tubes, and the pump in the clean test pan and lo-cate it near the test area entry door so that the suited individual has easy access to these supplies.
6.2.1 In a non-contaminated atmosphere, open a pre-sealed ammonia indicator strip and fasten one end of the strip to the inside of suit face shield lens where it can be seen by the wearer. Moisten the indicator strip with distilled water. Care shall be taken not to contaminate the detector part of the indicator paper by touching it. A small piece of masking tape or equivalent should be used to attach the indicator strip to the interior of the suit face shield.
6.2.2 If problems are encountered with this method of attachment, the indicator strip can be attached to the out-side of the respirator face piece lens being used during the test.
6.3 Don the respiratory protective device normally used with the suit, and then don the TECP suit to be tested. Check to be sure all openings which are intended to be sealed (zippers, gloves, etc.) are completely sealed. DO NOT, however, plug off any venting valves.
6.4 Step into the enclosed test room such as a closet, bathroom, or test booth, equipped with an exhaust fan. No air should be exhausted from the chamber during the test because this will dilute the ammonia challenge concentra-tions.
6.5 Open the container with the pre-measured volume of concentrated aqueous ammonia within the enclosed test room, and pour the liquid into the empty plastic test pan. Wait two minutes to allow for adequate volatilization of the concentrated aqueous ammonia. A small mixing fan can be used near the evaporation pan to increase the evaporation rate of the ammonia solution.
6.6 After two minutes a determination of the ammonia concentration within the chamber should be made using the high range colorimetric detector tube. A concentration of 1000 ppm ammonia or greater shall be generated before the exercises are started.
6.7 To test the integrity of the suit the following four-minute exercise protocol should be followed:
6.7.1 Raising the arms above the head with at least 15 raising motions completed in one minute.
6.7.2 Walking in place for one minute with at least 15 raising motions of each leg in a one-minute period.
6.7.3 Touching the toes with at least 10 complete motions of the arms from above the head to touching of the toes in a one-minute period.
6.7.4 Deep knee bends with at least 10 complete standing and squatting motions in a one-minute period.
6.8 If at any time during the test the colorimetric indicating paper should change colors, the test should be stopped and section 6.10 and 6.12 initiated. (See paragraph 4.2).
6.9 After completion of the test exercise, the test area concentration should be measured again using the high range colorimetric detector tube.
6.10 Exit the test area.
6.11 The opening created by the suit zipper or other appropriate suit penetration should be used to determine the ammonia concentration in the suit with the low range length of stain detector tube or other ammonia monitor. The internal TECP suit air should be sampled far enough from the enclosed test area to prevent a false ammonia reading.
6.12 After completion of the measurement of the suit interior ammonia concentration the test is concluded and the suit is doffed and the respirator removed.
6.13 The ventilating fan for the test room should be turned on and allowed to run for enough time to remove the ammonia gas. The fan shall be vented to the outside of the building.
6.14 Any detectable ammonia in the suit interior (five ppm ammonia (NH3) or more for the length of stain detector tube) indicates that the suit has failed the test. When other ammonia detectors are used a lower level of detection is possible, and it should be specified as the pass/fail criteria.
6.15 By following this test method, an intrusion coefficient of approximately 200 or more can be measured with the suit in a completely operational condition. If the intrusion coefficient is 200 or more, then the suit is suitable for emergency response and field use.
7.0 -- Retest procedures.
7.1 If the suit fails this test, check for leaks by following the pressure test in test A above.
7.2 Retest the TECP suit as outlined in the test procedure 6.0.
8.0 -- Report.
8.1 Each gas tight totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit tested by this practice shall have the following information recorded.
8.1.1 Unique identification number identifying brand name, date of purchase, material of construction, and unique suit features, e.g., special breathing apparatus.
8.1.2 General description of test room used for test.
8.1.3 Brand name and purchase date of ammonia detector strips and color change data.
8.1.4 Brand name, sampling range, and expiration date of the length of stain ammonia detector tubes. The brand name and model of the sampling pump should also be recorded. If another type of ammonia detector is used, it should be identified along with its minimum detection limit for ammonia.
8.1.5 Actual test results shall list the two test area; concentrations, their average, the interior suit concentration, and the calculated intrusion coefficient. Retest data shall be recorded as an additional test.
8.2 The evaluation of the data shall be specified as "suit passed" or "suit failed" and the date of the test. Any de-tectable ammonia (five ppm or greater for the length of stain detector tube) in the suit interior indicates the suit has failed this test. When other ammonia detectors are used, a lower level of detection is possible and it should be speci-fied as the pass/fail criteria.
CAUTION
Visually inspect all parts of the suit to be sure they are positioned correctly and secured tightly before putting the suit back into service. Special care should be taken to examine each exhaust valve to make sure it is not blocked.
Care should also be exercised to assure that the inside and outside of the suit is completely dry before it is put into storage.
Appendix B
General Description and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear
(Non-Mandatory)
This appendix sets forth information about personal protective equipment (PPE) protection levels which may be used to assist employers in complying with the PPE requirements of this section.
As required by the standard, PPE must be selected which will protect employees from the specific hazards which they are likely to encounter during their work on-site.
Selection of the appropriate PPE is a complex process which must take into consideration a variety of factors. Key factors involved in this process are identification of the hazards, or suspected hazards; their routes of potential hazard to employees (inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and eye or skin contact); and the performance of the PPE materials (and seams) in providing a barrier to these hazards. The amount of protection provided by PPE is material-hazard specific. That is, protective equipment materials will protect well against some hazardous substances and poorly, or not at all, against others. In many instances, protective equipment materials cannot be found which will provide continuous protection from the particular hazardous substance. In these cases, the breakthrough time of the protective material should exceed the work durations.
Other factors in this selection process to be considered are matching the PPE to the employee's work require-ments and task-specific conditions. The durability of PPE materials, such as tear strength and seam strength, should be considered in relation to the employee's tasks. The effects of PPE in relation to heat stress and task duration are a factor in selecting and using PPE. In some cases layers of PPE may be necessary to provide sufficient protection, or to protect expensive PPE inner garments, suits or equipment.
The more that is known about the hazards at the site, the easier the job of PPE selection becomes. As more in-formation about the hazards and conditions at the site becomes available, the site supervisor can make decisions to upgrade or downgrade the level of PPE protection to match the tasks at hand.
The following are guidelines which an employer can use to begin the selection of the appropriate PPE. As noted above, the site information may suggest the use of combinations of PPE selected from the different protection levels (i.e., A, B, C, or D) as being more suitable to the hazards of the work. It should be cautioned that the listing below does not fully address the performance of the specific PPE material in relation to the specific hazards at the job site, and that PPE selection, evaluation, and re-selection is an ongoing process until sufficient information about the hazards and PPE performance is obtained.
Part A. Personal protection equipment is divided into four categories based on the degree of protection afforded. (See Part B of this appendix for further explanation of Levels A, B, C, and D hazards):
1.Level A -- To be selected when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required.
The following constitute Level A equipment: it may be used as appropriate.
1.Positive-pressure, full face-piece, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA, approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
2. Totally-encapsulating chemical-protective suit.
3. Coveralls.*
4. Long underwear.*
5. Gloves, outer, chemical-restraint.
6. Gloves, inner, chemical-restraint.
7. Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank.
8. Hard hat (under suit).*
9. Disposable protective suit, gloves and boots (depending on suit construction, may be worn over total-ly-encapsulating suit.)
II. Level B -- The highest level of respiratory protection is necessary but a lesser level of skin protection is needed.
The following constitute Level B equipment; it may be used as appropriate.
1. Positive -- pressure, fullface-piece, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive-pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA (NIOSH approved).
2. Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved jacket; coveralls, one or two-piece chemi-cal-splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant overalls).
3. Coveralls. *
4. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
5. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
6. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant steel toe and shank
.
7. Boot-cover, outer, chemical-resistant (disposable). *
8. Hard hat. *
9. Face shield.
III. Level C -- The concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substance(s) is known and the criteria for using air puri-fying respirators are met.
The following constitute Level C equipment; it may be used as appriproate
1.Full-face or half-mask, air purifying respirators (NIOSH approved).
2. Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved jacket; coveralls; one or two-piece chemi-cal-splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant overalls).
3. Coveralls. *
4. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
5. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
6. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant steel toe and shank.
7. Boot-covers, outer, chemical-resistant (disposable). *
8. Hard hat. *
9. Face shield. *
III. Level C -- The concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substance(s) is known and the criteria for using air puri-fying respirators are met.
The following constitute Level C equipment; it may be used as appropriate.
1. Full-face or half-mask, air-purifying respirators (NIOSH approved).
2. Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls; two-piece chemical-splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant overalls).
3. Coveralls. *
4. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
5. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
6. Boots (outer), chemical-resistant steel toe and shank. *
7. Boot-covers, outer, chemical-resistant (disposable).*
8. Hard hat. *
9. Escape mask. *
10.Face shield. *
IV. Level D -- A work uniform affording minimal protection; used for nuisance contamination only.
The following constitute Level D equipment; it may be used as appropriate.
1. Coveralls.
2. Gloves. *
3. Boots/shoes, chemical-resistant steel toe and shank.
4. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant (disposable). *
5. Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles. *
6. Hard hat. *
7. Escape mask. *
8. Face shield. *
* Optional, as applicable.
Part B. The types of hazard for which levels A, B, C, and D protection are appropriate are described below:
1. Level A -- Level A protection should be used when:
1. The hazardous substance has been identified and requires the highest level of protection for skin, eyes, and the respiratory system based on either the measured (or potential for) high concentration of atmospheric vapors, gases, or particulates; or the site operations and work functions involve a high potential for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulates of materials that are harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin.
2. Substances with a high degree of hazard to the skin are known of suspected to be present, and skin contact is possible; or
3. Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas, and the absence of conditions requiring Level A have not yet been determined.
II. Level B -- Level B protection should be used when:
1. The type and atmospheric concentration of substances have been identified and require a high level of respira-tory protection, but less skin protection; and/or
2. The atmosphere contains less than 19. 5 percent oxygen; or
3. The presence of incompletely identified vapors or gases is indicated by a direct-reading organic vapor detection instrument, but vapors and gases are not suspected of containing high levels of chemicals harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the skin.
NOTE: This involves atmospheres with IDLH concentrations of specific substances that present severe inhalation hazards and that do not represent a severe skin hazard; or that do not meet the criteria for use of air-purifying respi-rators.
III. Level C -- Level C protection should be used when:
1. The atmospheric contaminants, liquid splashes, or other direct contact will not adversely affect or be absorbed through any exposed skin;
2. The types of air contaminants have been identified, concentrations measured, and an air-purifying respirator is available that can remove the contaminants; and
3. All criteria for the use of air-purifying respirators are met.
IV. Level D -- Level D protection should be used when:
1. The atmosphere contains no known hazard; and work functions preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential for unexpected inhalation of or contact with hazardous levels of any chemicals.
NOTE: as stated before, combinations of personal protective equipment other than those described for Levels A, B, C, and D protection may be more appropriate and may be used to provide the proper level of protection.
As an aid in selecting suitable chemical protective clothing, it should be noted that the National Fire Protection Association has developed standards on chemical protective clothing, including:
NFPA 1991 -- Standard on Vapor-Protective Suits for Hazardous Chemical Emergencies (EPA Level A Protective Clothing)
NFPA 1992 -- Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Suits for Hazardous Chemical Emergencies (EPA Level B Protec-tive Clothing)
These standards apply documentation and performance requirements to the manufacture of chemical protective suits. Chemical protective suits meeting these requirements are labeled as compliant with the appropriate standard. As these standards, have been adopted by the National Fire Protection Association, it is recommended that chemical protective suits which meet these standards be used.
Appendix C
Compliance Guidelines
(Non-Mandatory)
1. Occupational Safety and Health Program: Each hazardous waste site clean-up effort will require an occupational safety and health program headed by the site coordinator or the employer's representative. The purpose of the program will be the protection of employees at the site and will be an extension of the employer's overall safety and health program. The program will need to be developed before work begins on the site and implemented as work proceeds as stated in subsection (b). The program is to facilitate coordination and communication of safety and health issues among personnel responsible for the various activities which will take place at the site. The program will provide the means for identifying and controlling worksite hazards and the means for monitoring program effectiveness. It will provide the overall means for planning and implementing the needed safety and health training and job orientation of employees, who will be working at the site. The program will need to cover the responsibilities and authority of the site coordinator or the employer's manager on the site for the safety and health of employees at the site, and the relationships with contractors or support services as to what each employer's safety and health responsibilities are for their employees on the site. Each contractor on the site needs to have its own safety and health program so structured that it will smoothly interface with the program of the site coordinator or principal contractor.
Also those employers involved with treating, storing or disposal of hazardous waste as covered in subsection (p) must have implemented a safety and health program for their employees. This program is to include the hazard com-munication program required in subsection(p)(1) and the training required in subsections(p)(7) and (p)(8) as parts of the employer's comprehensive overall safety and health program. This program is to be in writing.
Each site of workplace safety and health program will need to include the following: (1) Policy statements of the line of authority and accountability for implementing the program, the objectives of the program, and the role of the site safety and health supervisor or manager and staff; (2) means or methods for the development of procedures for identifying and controlling workplace hazards at the site; (3) means or methods for the development and communica-tion to employees of the various plans, work rules, standard operating procedures and practices that pertain to indi-vidual employees and supervisors; (4) means for the training of supervisors and employees to develop the needed skills and knowledge to perform their work in a safe and healthful manner; (5) means to anticipate and prepare for emergency situations; and (6) means for obtaining information feedback to aid in evaluating the program and for im-proving the effectiveness of the program. The management and employees should be trying continually to improve the effectiveness of the program thereby enhancing the protection being afforded those working on the site.
Accidents on the site should be investigated to provide information on how such occurrences can be avoided in the future. When injuries or illnesses occur on the site or workplace, they will need to be investigated to determine what needs to be done to prevent this incident from occurring again. Such information will need to be used as feed-back on the effectiveness of the program and the information turned into positive steps to prevent any reoccurrence. Receipt of employee suggestions or complaints relating to safety and health issues involved with site or workplace activities is also a feedback mechanism that can be used effectively to improve the program and may serve in part as an evaluative tool(s).
For the development and implementation of the program to be the most effective, professional safety and health personnel should be used. Personnel such as, but not necessarily limited to Certified Safety Professionals, Board Certi-fied Industrial Hygienists, or Registered Professional Safety Engineers are good examples of professional statute for safety and health managers who will administer the employer's program.
2. Training: The training program for employees subject to the requirements of subsection(e) of this standard should address: The safety and health hazards employees should expect to find on hazardous waste clean-up sites; what control measures or techniques are effective those hazards; what monitoring procedures are effective in char-acterizing exposure levels; what makes an effective employer's safety and health program; what a site safety and health plan should include; hands on training with personal protective equipment and clothing they may be expected to use; the contents of the OSHA standard relevant to the employee's duties and function; and employee's responsibilities under OSHA and other regulations. Supervisors will need training in their responsibilities under the safety and health program and its subject areas such as the spill containment program, the personal protective equipment program, the medical surveillance program, the emergency response plan, and other areas.
The training programs for employees subject to the requirements of subsection(p) of this standard should address: The employer's safety and health program elements impacting employees; the hazard communication program; the medical surveillance program; the hazard and the controls for such hazards that employees need to know for their job duties and functions. All require annual refresher training.
The training programs for employees covered by the requirements of subsection(q) of this standard should ad-dress those competencies required for the various levels of response such as: The hazards associated with hazardous substances; hazard identification and awareness; notification of appropriate persons; the need for and use of personal protective equipment including respirators; the decontamination procedures to be used; preplanning activities for hazardous substance incidents including the emergency response plan; company standard operating procedures for hazardous substance emergency responses; the use of incident command system; and other subjects. Hands-on train-ing should be stressed whenever possible. Critiques done after an incident which include an evaluation of what worked and what did not, and how could the incident be better handled the next time may be counted as training time.
For hazardous materials specialists (usually members of hazardous materials teams), the training should address the care, use, and/or testing of chemical protective clothing including totally encapsulating suits; the medical surveillance program; the standard operating procedures for the hazardous materials team including the use of plugging and patching equipment; and other subject areas.
Officers and leaders who may be expected to be in charge at an incident should be fully knowledgeable of their company's incident command system. They should know where and how to obtain additional assistance and be familiar with the local district's emergency response plan and the state emergency response plan.
Specialist employees such as technical experts, medical experts, or environmental experts that work with haz-ardous materials in their regular jobs, who may be sent to the incident scene by the shipper, manufacturer, or gov-ernmental agency to advise and assist the person in charge of the incident should have training on an annual basis. Their training should include the care and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) including respirators; knowledge of the incident command system and how they are to relate to it; and those areas needed to keep them current in their respective field as it relates to safety and health involving specific hazardous substances.
Those skilled support personnel, such as employees who work for public works departments or equipment oper-ators who operate bulldozers, sand trucks, backhoes, etc., who may be called to the incident scene to provide emer-gency support assistance, should have at least a safety and health briefing before entering the area of potential or actual exposure. These skilled support personnel, who have not been a part of the emergency response plan and do not meet the training requirements, should be made aware of the hazards they face and should be provided all nec-essary protective clothing and equipment required for their tasks.
There are two National Fire Protection Association standards, NFPA 472 -- Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents and NFPA 471 -- Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Material Incidents, which are excellent resource documents to aid fire departments and other emergency response organizations in developing their training program materials. NFPA 472 provides guidance on the skills and knowledge needed for first responder awareness level, first responder operations level, HAZMAT technicians, and HAZMAT spe-cialists. It also offers guidance for the officer corps who will be in charge of hazardous substance incidents.
3. Decontamination: Decontamination procedures should be tailored to the specific hazards of the site and may vary in complexity and number of steps, depending on the level of hazard and the employee's exposure to hazard. Decontamination procedures and PPE decontamination methods will vary depending upon the specific substance, since one procedure or method may not work for all substances. Evaluation of decontamination methods and procedures should be performed, as necessary, tp assure that employees are not exposed to hazards by reusing PPE. References in Appendix D may be used for guidance in establishing an effective decontamination program. In addition, the U.S. Coast Guard's Manual, Policy Guidance for Response to Hazardous Chemical Releases, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (COMDTINST m16465. 30) is a good reference for establishing an effective decontamination program.
4. Emergency response plans: The state, along with designated districts, within the state, will be developing or have developed local emergency response plans. These state and district plans should be utilized in the emergency response plans called for in this standard. Each employer should assure that its emergency response plan is compatible with the local plan. The major reference being used to aid in developing the state local and district plans is the Hazardous Materials Emergency Planning Guide, NRT-1.
The current Emergency Response Guidebook from the U.S. Department of Transportation, CMA's CHEMTREC, and the Fire Service Emergency Management Handbook may also be used as resources.
Employers involved with treatment, storage, and disposal facilities for hazardous waste, which have the required contingency plan called for by their permit, would not need to duplicate the same planning elements. Those items of the emergency response plan that are properly addressed in the contingency plan may be substituted into the emer-gency response plan required in 8 CCR 5192 or otherwise kept together for employer and employee use.
5. Personal protective equipment programs: The purpose of personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biologic hazards that may be encountered at a haz-ardous substance site.
As discussed in Appendix B, no single combination of protective equipment and clothing is capable of protecting against all hazards. Thus PPE should be used in conjunction with other protective methods and its effectiveness evalu-ated periodically. The use of PPE can itself create significant worker hazards, such as heat stress, physical and psycho-logical stress, and impaired vision, mobility, and communication. For any given situation, equipment and clothing should be selected that provide an adequate level of protection. However, over-protection, as well as underprotection, can be hazardous and should be avoided where possible.
Two basic objectives of any PPE program should be to protect the wearer from safety and health hazards, and to prevent injury to the wearer from incorrect use and/or malfunction of the PPE. To accomplish these goals, a compre-hensive PPE program should include hazard identification; medical monitoring; environmental surveillance; selection, use, maintenance, and decontamination of PPE; and its associated training.
The written PPE program should include policy statements, procedures, and guidelines. Copies should be made available to all employees, and a reference copy should be made available at the worksite. Technical data on equip-ment, maintenance manuals, relevant regulations, and other essential information should also be collected and main-tained.
6. Incident command system (ICS): Subsection 5192(q)(3)(B) requires the implementation of an ICS. The ICS is an organized approach to effectively control and manage operations at an emergency incident. The individual in charge of the ICS is the senior official responding to the incident. The ICS was originated by the California fire service. During large complex fires involving several companies and many pieces of apparatus, a command post would be established. This enabled one individual to be in charge of managing the incident, rather than having several officers from different companies making separate, and sometimes conflicting, decisions. The individual in charge of the command post would delegate responsibility for performing various tasks to subordinate officers. Additionally, all communications were routed through the command post to reduce the number of radio transmissions and eliminate confusion. However, strategy, tactics, and all decisions were made by one individual.
The ICS is also implemented for emergency response to all incidents, both large and small, that involve hazardous substances.
For a small incident, the individual in charge of the ICS may perform many tasks of the ICS. There may not be any, or little delegation of tasks to subordinates. For example, in response to a small incident, the individual in charge of the ICS, in addition to normal command activities, may become the safety officer.
To illustrate the operation of the ICS, the following scenario might develop during a small incident, such as an overturned tank truck with a small leak of flammable liquid.
The first responding senior officer would implement and take command of the ICS. That person would size-up the incident and determine of additional personnel and apparatus were necessary; would determine what actions to take control the leak; and determine the proper level of personal protective equipment. If additional assistance is not needed, the individual in charge of the ICS would implement actions to stop and control the leak using the fewest number of personnel that can effectively accomplish the tasks. The individual in charge of the ICS then would designate himself as te safety officer and two other employees as a back-up in case rescue may become necessary. In this scenario, decontamination procedures may not be necessary.
A large complex incident may require many employees and difficult, time-consuming efforts to control. In these situations, the individual in charge of the ICS will want to delegate different tasks to subordinates in order to maintain a span of control that will keep the number of subordinates that are reporting, to a manageable level.
Delegation of tasks at large incidents may be by location, where the incident scene is divided into sectors, and subordinate officers coordinate activities within the sector that they have been assigned.
Delegation of tasks can also be by function. Five major functional areas (Incident Command, Operations, Planning, Logistic, and Finance) are activated at major incidents addressing such issues as: medical services; evacuation; water supply; resources (equipment, apparatus); media relations; safety; and site control (integrate activities with police for crowd and traffic control). Also for a large incident, the individual in charge of the ICS will designate several employees as back-up personnel; and a number of safety officers to monitor conditions and recommend safety precautions.
Therefore, no matter what size or complexity an incident may be, by implementing an ICS there will be one indi-vidual in charge who makes the decisions and gives directions; and, all actions, and communications are coordinated through one central point of command. Such as system should reduce confusion, improve safety, organize and coor-dinate actions, and should facilitate effective management of the incident.
The details of the ICS as well as several different scenarios are incorporated into the California Hazardous Material Incident Contingency Plan (HMICP) developed by the State's Office of Emergency Services (OES). The HMICP is written primarily for agencies of the State of California to guide them in understanding the state's role in hazardous material emergencies. Secondarily, the HMICP is anticipated to be utilized by local and federal governments, and private or-ganizations to clarify their roles and relationships concerning hazardous material emergencies. This plan should be used for pre-incident planning; or during a hazardous material emergency for guidance and clarification where a state agency has responsibility (i.e., State Agency Coordination) or jurisdiction (i.e., on the right way of a state highway), or the incident exceeds local resources beyond those of the SARA Title III Regional Plan.
7. Site Safety and Control Plans: The safety and security of response personnel and others in the area of an emer-gency response incident site should be of primary concern to the incident commander. The use of a site safety and control plan could greatly assist those in charge of assuring the safety and health of employees on the site.
A comprehensive site safety and control plan should include the following: Summary analysis of hazards on the site and a risk analysis of those hazards; site map or sketch; site work zones (clean zone, transition or decontamination zone, work or hot zone); use of buddy system; site communications; command post or command center; standard operating procedures and safe work practices; medical assistance and triage area; hazard monitoring plan (air con-taminant monitoring, etc,); decontamination procedures and area; and other relevant areas. This plan should be a part of the employer's emergency response plan or an extension of it to the specific site.
8. Medical surveillance program: Workers handling hazardous substances may be exposed to toxic chemicals, safety hazards, biologic hazards, and radiation. Therefore, a medical surveillance program is essential to asses and monitor worker's health and fitness for employment in hazardous waste operations and during the course of work; to provide emergency and other treatment as needed; and to keep accurate records for future reference.
The Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities developed by the Na-tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Federal OSHA), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), October 1985, provides an excellent example of the types of medical testing that should be done as part of a medical surveillance program.
9. New Technology and Spill Containment Programs: Where hazardous substances may be released by spilling from a container that will expose employees to hazards of the material, the employer will need to implement a program to contain and control the spilled material. Diking and ditching, as well as use of absorbents like diatomaceous earth, are additional techniques which have proven to be effective over the years. However, in recent years new products have come into marketplace, the use of which complement and increase the effectiveness of these traditional methods. These new products also provide emergency responders and other with additional tools or agents to use to reduce the hazards of spilled materials.
These agents can be rapidly applied over a large area and can be uniformly applied or otherwise can be used to build a small dam, thus improving the workers' ability to control spilled material. These application techniques enhance the intimate contact between the agent and the spilled material allowing for the quickest effect by the agent or quickest control of the spilled material. Agents are available to solidify liquid spilled materials, to suppress vapor gen-eration from spilled materials, and to do both. Some special agents, which when applied as recommended by the manufacturer, will react in a controlled manner with the spilled material to neutralize acids or caustics, or greatly re-duce the level of hazard of the spilled material.
There are several modern methods and devices for use by emergency response personnel or others involved with spill control efforts to safely apply spill control agents to control spilled material hazards. These include portable pres-surized applicators similar to hand-held portable fire extinguishing devices, and nozzle and hose systems similar to portable fire fighting foam systems which allow the operator to apply the agent without having to come into contact with the spilled material. The operator is able to apply the agent to the spilled material from a remote position.
The solidification of liquids provides for rapid containment and isolation of hazardous substance spills. By directing the agent at run-off points or at the edges of the spill, the reactant solid will automatically create a barrier to slow or to stop the spread of the material. Clean-up of hazardous substances is greatly improved when solidifying agents, acid or caustic neutralizers, or activated carbon adsorbents are used. Properly applied, thse agents can totally solidify liquid hazardous substances or neutralize or absorb them, which results in materials which are less hazardous and easier to handle, transport, and dispose of. The concept of spill treatment, to create less hazardous substances, will improve the safety and level of protection of employees working at spill clean-up operations or emergency response operations to spills of hazardous substances.
The use of vapor suppression agents for volatile hazardous substances, such as flammable liquids and those sub-stances which present an inhalation hazard, is important for protecting workers. The rapid and uniform distribution of the agent over the surface of the spilled material can provide quick vapor knockdown. There are temporary and long-term foam-type agents which are effective on vapors and dusts, and activated carbon adsorption agents which are effective for vapor control and soaking-up of the liquid. The proper use of hose lines or hand-held portable pressurized applicators provides good mobility and permits the worker to deliver the agent from a safe distance without having to step into the untreated spilled material. Some of these systems can be recharged in the field to provide coverage of larger spill areas than the design limits of a single charged applicator unit. Some of the more effective agents can solidify the liquid flammable hazardous substances and at the same time elevate the flashpoint above 140F so the resulting substance may be handled as a nonhazardous waste material if it meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 40 CFR Part 261 (See particularly § 261. 21).
All workers performing hazardous substance spill control work are expected to wear the proper protective cloth-ing and equipment for the materials present and to follow the employer's established standard operating procedures for spill control. All involved workers need to be trained in the established operating procedures; in the use and care of spill control equipment; and in the associated hazards and control of such hazards of spill containment work.
These new tools and agents are the things that employers will want to evaluate as part of their new technology program. The treatment of spills of hazardous substances or wastes at an emergency incident as part of the immediate spill containment and control efforts is sometimes acceptable to EPA and a permit exception is described in 40 CFR § 264. 1(g)(8) and 265. 1(c)(11).
Appendix D
References
(Non-Mandatory)
The following references may be consulted for further information on the subject of this standard:
1. OSHA Instruction DFO CPL 2. 70 -- January 29, 1986: Special Emphasis Program: Hazardous Waste Sites.
2. OSHA Instruction DFO CPL 2-22. 37A -- January 29, 1986: Technical Assistance and Guidelines for Superfund and Other Hazardous Waste Site Activities.
3. OHSA Instruction DTS CPL 2. 74 -- January 29, 1986: Hazardous Waste Activity Form, OSHA 175.
4. Hazardous Waste Inspections Reference Manual; U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1986.
5. Memorandum of Understanding Among the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, the Occupa-tional Safety and Health Administration, the United States Coast Guard, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency: Guidance for Worker Protection During Hazardous Waste Site Investigations and Clean-up and Hazardous Substance Emergencies, December 18, 1980.
6. National Priorities List, 1st Edition; October 1984; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, revised periodically.
7. The Decontamination of Response Personnel; Field Standard Operating Procedures (F.S.O.P.) 7; U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division, De-cember 1984.
8. Preparation of a Site Safety Plan; Field Standard Operating Procedures (F.S.O.P.) 9; U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division, April 1984.
9. Standard Operating Safety Guidelines; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division, Environmental Response Team; November 1984.
10. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); October 1985.
11. Protecting Health and Safety at Hazardous Waste Sites: An overview; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/625/9-85/006; September 1985.
12. Hazardous Waste Sites and Hazardous Substance Emergencies; NIOSH Worker Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; December 1982.
13. Personal Protective Equipment for Hazardous Materials Incidents: A Selection Guide; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; October 1984.
14. Fire Service Emergency Management Handbook; International Association of Fire Chiefs Foundation, 101 East Holly Avenue, Unit 108, Sterling, VA 22170; January, 1985.
15. Emergency Response Guidebook; U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1990.
16. Report to the Congress on Hazardous Materials Training, Planning and Preparedness; Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, July 1986.
17. Workbook for Fire Command; Alan V. Brunacini and J. David Beageron, National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, 1985.
18. Site Emergency Response Planning; Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC 20037, 1986.
19. Hazardous Materials Emergency Planning Guide; NRT-1, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March 1987.
20. Community Teamwork: Working Together to Promote Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety; U.S. De-partment of Transportation, Washington, DC, May 1983.
21. Disaster Planning Guide for Business and Industry; Federal Emergency Management Agency, Publication No. FEMA 141, August 1987.
22. Hazardous Materials Medical Management Protocols; State Emergency Medical Services Authority, Publication #231, March 1989; 1030 15th Street, Suite 302, Sacramento, CA 95814.
23. Hazardous Material Incident Contingency Plan; Office of Emergency Services, Hazardous Materials Division, Sacramento; January 1991.
24. Hazardous Materials Handbook; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
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